臨安與南宋的國家祭祀禮儀──著重於空間因素的探討

Lin’an and the State Sacrificial Rituals of Southern Song China: An Analysis from the Perspective of Urban Spaces

在中國的帝制時代，作為國家意識形態、政權統治合法性的重要載體，各種禮儀的舉行是都城的重要機能之一，因此歷朝莫不重視都城禮儀空間的營建。然而，都城的由來不同，其禮儀空間的形成也就存在差異：在以國都的標準規劃並經過大規模建設而成的都城中，各類禮儀場所建在何處，是影響整個都城形制的關鍵因素；在從地方性城市直接升格而成的都城中，朝廷不得不根據既有的空間利用狀況擇地創建禮儀場所。對屬於後一類都城的南宋臨安來說，禮儀場所如何建立，國家禮制如何實行，事關其如何適應性質、功能的轉變，從而由偏重民用的地方性城市變成正朔所在的政治中心。本文聚焦於空間因素，來探討臨安與南宋國家祭祀禮儀的關係：首先是紹興八年以前宋高宗在揚州、臨安、越州、平江、建康等地駐蹕期間如何建立禮儀場所、舉行祭祀儀式，旨在從空間的角度闡明長駐臨安前後國家祭祀禮儀的重建、運行所面臨的相似困境；其次論述了紹興八年南宋政權以臨安為事實上的都城後如何確立各種國家祭祀禮儀的場所，其中既有獨立祭壇、祭殿的修建，也有徵用寺廟舉行這些祭祀的舉措；最後研究了臨安獨特的城市空間與南宋國家祭祀禮儀的交互影響。這些歷史既充分表明，禮儀空間的植入深受臨安的地理環境、空間格局的束縛，同時也意味著臨安的城市職能和空間利用狀況得到了極大的改造。

Generally the adequate provision of state ritual spaces had been a key issue when imperial capital cities were constructed in imperial China. An imperial capital city normally would have sufficient room in the designated places to accommodate the ritual buildings. Nevertheless, Lin’an, which was promoted to the de facto capital of the Southern Song from a regional metropolis in 1138 while the titular capital Kaifeng had been occupied and ruled by Jurchens since 1127, was out of ordinary. The size of Lin’an could not be matched against Chang’an of the Tang or Kaifeng of the Northern Song. Confined by the terrain conditions, Lin’an was unlikely to be expanded in a great deal. Moreover, facing the enduring military threat imposed by Jurchens, the Southern Song could not afford to launch a reconstruction project of Lin’an. Changing Lin’an from a regional civilian city to an imperial capital city required a careful establishment of the palaces, government offices, ritual buildings and camps of imperial guards. In this essay, the emphasis is placed on the geographical impacts upon the state sacrificial rituals, mainly through three parts. The first part points out the difficulties in reestablishing and performing the state sacrificial rituals in the temporary capitals prior to 1138, as the situations were similar to that in Lin’an after 1138, from the perspective of ritual spaces. The second part reveals how the Southern Song court distributed the ritual spaces in Lin’an after 1138: while parts of state sacrifices owned their specific ritual constructions, others had to be performed in Buddhist temples. The third part discusses the interaction between the urban layout of Lin’an and state sacrificial rituals of the Southern Song dynasty. This essay concludes that the establishment of state rituals in Lin’an was constrained by the geographical conditions and urban layout while it improved the function as a capital city and urban pattern of Lin’an.