史前時代臺灣南部地區的野豬與家豬，兼論家豬作為南島語族遷徙和擴散的驗證標記

Wild Boars and Domestic Pigs in Prehistoric Southern Taiwan: Some Point of Views on Domestic Pigs as a Verification Mark to the Migration and Dispersal of Austronesian Speaking People

動物飼養的概念和經濟行為是人類跨入文明的指標。考古學家認為藉由考古遺址中出土的動物遺存能夠認識和了解當時人類選擇獵取動物的對象和依賴動物資源的程度。本論文試圖藉由臺灣地區考古遺址出土豬骨骼樣本，透過對豬下顎骨與牙齒的形態測量學，以及現生野豬和家豬粒線體DNA的遺傳分析，探討史前聚落獵捕或豢養的是臺灣野豬或是家豬。除此之外，本論文將針對長久以來臺灣被視為南島語族原鄉的論述，探討家豬是否極有可能隨著族群的遷徙與擴張而分布。根據目前研究的成果顯示，透過對恆春半島和南科園區遺址出土豬牙樣本，和現生野豬與家豬之第三大臼齒大小以及形狀的比較分析，發現鵝鑾鼻第二遺址和右先方遺址樣本牙齒大小與形狀多屬體型較大的野豬，牛尿港遺址樣本牙齒大小較接近現生野豬，而形狀則介於現生野豬和家豬之間，未來尚需更多樣本以釐清豬隻種屬，龜山遺址樣本反映有出現家豬個體的可能性，社內遺址樣本牙齒大小與形狀均接近於現生家豬；準此，推斷至遲距今一千五百年前，臺灣才開始有東亞家豬經由交易或人群遷徙攜入本土境內的可能性。引起注意的是，蘭嶼豬的具體存在年代目前尚無考古材料能夠提供說明。總的來說，未來可再利用臺灣其他地區的考古出土豬骨骼遺留，進行相關臺灣野豬種原發展史，以及家豬畜養生業經濟的起始年代研究。這個成果不僅可以具體地復原史前時代臺灣野豬的種原，並探討當時的生業經濟型態，也可以做為其他地區研究史前動物資源利用模式的參考與範例。

Formation of the concept and economic behavior of animal husbandry is one of the key indicators showing our entry into civilization. With animal remains unearthed from archaeological sites, archaeologists believe that we would be able to learn how ancient people selected their prays and how heavily they were dependent on animal resources. This study focuses on the pig bones remains unearthed from the Hengchun Peninsula and Tainan Science Park region, and their mandible and teeth are studied with dental geometric morphometric variation. In addition, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) extracted from modern Formosan wild boars and Lanyu pigs are analyzed to tell their genetic variation. The first objective of this paper, in short, is to answer whether those ancient pigs were wild boars or domestic pigs. Secondly, if the hypothesis that Taiwan is the homeland of Austronesian speaking people has been proven to be valid, then this paper intends to further discuss whether domestic pigs could possibly be a verification mark to the migration and dispersal of these people. Our results reveal that specimens discovered from the O-luan-pi II site and the Yuhsienfang site have larger third molars (M3) than modern wild boars, and show resemblances to wild boars. These specimens are therefore recognized as larger wild boars. M3 size of the specimens unearthed from Niuniaokang site are similar to those of modern wild boars, while their shapes are identified as in between those of the wild boars and domestic pigs. This result would however need further clarification in the future. Lastly, specimens from the Kueishan site yield possibile samples of domestic pigs, while the size and shape of teeth samples unearthed from the Shenei site are closely related to those of modern domestic pigs. To sum up, based on these aforementioned evidences, East Asian domestic pigs were introduced to Taiwan at around 1,500 BP at the latest through trade and/or human migration. Nevertheless, there is still a lack of concrete archaeological evidence to know when Lanyu pigs began to exist in Lanyu. We need more samples from other areas to make the phylogenetic tree and geometric morphometric analysis to determine the time when pig husbandry was very first started in Taiwan. In short, this study provides essential information for reconstructing the subsistence system at then and the model of prehistoric animal resources utilization in general.