《靈樞》九宮八風名及相關問題研究

On the Nomenclature of the Jiugong and Bafeng in the Lingshu and Related Issues

利用考古與古文字資料，研究了《靈樞》九宮、八風名的由來，探討了八風名系統與殷卜辭四方風名、四方神名及郭店楚簡《太一生水》、銀雀山漢簡的關係。九宮之名的考辨，以西漢汝陰侯墓所出太一九宮式盤及日本仁和寺藏版《黃帝內經太素》九宮八風篇為素材，以東、西兩宮之「倉」、東方七宿「蒼龍」之「蒼」與《周易•乾卦•坤卦》中有關描述龍星行天軌跡的爻辭相聯繫，以西北和東南兩宮中的「洛」字共通，以西南宮的「玄」和東北宮的「天」互訓，又以中宮招搖與北斗的關係為切入點，從而揭示了九宮之名的深層涵義。通過復原三種九宮圖的形成過程，提煉出九宮圖製作基礎的同時，判明了九宮洛書配數的具體方法及史前八角紋的形成過程。闡明了九宮八風名的本質，就是古人對「宇宙時空觀」的具體表達與活用。釐定了九宮與八風、八卦名的匹配，至遲成於漢初，蓋出自既精通古天文、易學，又以研究醫學病因的道家賢者之手。填補了式盤、九宮八風與易學、道家的關係及九宮與八風內在聯繫研究的空白。

This paper investigates the origins of the nomenclature of the jiugong (九宮, nine palaces) and bafeng (八風, eight winds) in the Lingshu (靈樞, Divine Pivot), using archaeological and textual sources. The paper explores the relationship between the names of the bafeng and the winds of the four directions (四方風), the spirits of the four directions (四方神) in the Shang oracle bone inscriptions, as well as the Taiyi Shengshui (太一生水) of the Guodian Chu Slips and the Yinqueshan Han Slips. In order to clarify the meanings of the names in jiugong, this article uses materials like the Taiyi jiugong plate diagram (太一九宮式盤) unearthed from the tomb of the Marquis of Ruyin dated in the Western Han Dynasty and the “Jiugong Bafeng” chapter of the Huangdi Neijing Taisu (黃帝內經太素) of the Japanese Ninna-ji collection. It connects and compares the cang (倉) in both the east and west positions, the cang (蒼) of the canglong (蒼龍, Azure Dragon) of the seven eastern Chinese constellations, and the explanations of horizontal lines in trigrams (爻辭) for the Qian and Kun trigrams in the Book of Changes (周易) related to the trajectories of the dragon star (龍星). The paper also connects two luo (洛), which are in the northwest and the southeast positions, explains the xuan (玄) in the southwest position by the tian (天) in the northeast position, and analyzes the relationship between the central position zhaoyao (招搖) and the North Star (北斗) in order to reveal the deeper meaning of the names in the jiugong system. By reconstructing three types of jiugong diagrams, we discovered the basis of its formation. From this, we also identified the method of number pairing on the jiugong luoshu (九宮洛書) and the prehistoric development of the bajiaowen (八角紋, octagonal design). The essence of the jiugong bafeng is something that was concretely expressed and used by ancient people in accordance with their concepts of cosmic space and time. The arrangement of the jiugong with the bafeng and eight trigrams was, at the latest, formed in the early Western Han period, and it can be surmised that it was designed by wise ancient Taoists familiar with astronomy, divination, and medical etiology. Through this study, we have filled in some gaps concerning the relationship between the plate diagram, the jiugong bafeng system, yixue (易學), and Taoism, as well as the internal relationship between jiugong and bafeng.