從徐家匯博物院到震旦博物院——法國耶穌會士在近代中國的自然史研究活動

From Zikawei Museum to Heude Museum: The Natural History Research of French Jesuits in Modern China

在中西文化交流史上，耶穌會士所扮演的角色早已受學界注意，但現有的討論多集中在明末清初一段，對於清末與民國時期的相關研究仍不夠多。本文以法國耶穌會士在十九世紀後半的上海所建立的一個自然史博物館為對象，試圖回溯這個存在了八十多年、如今卻已遭人遺忘的科學機構之歷史面貌。論文以該機構所經歷的兩個時期為主軸，分析其發展重點。第一個時期是徐家匯博物院時期（1868-1930）：在這個奠基時期，創始人韓伯祿神父與其繼任者的工作重心是厚實博物院的生物標本收藏與系列研究，而其收藏之豐，曾被譽為東亞第一。在研究成果發表方面，從博物院自身的出版品中，可看到土山灣孤兒院青年學徒所製作的博物學圖版，顯現出這方面的技術之引進與傳承。而在與當地科學社群交流方面，徐家匯博物院除了提供標本鑑定的服務外，也與亞洲文會所設立的上海博物院有許多合作關係，包括培養出中國第一批動物標本剝製師。第二個時期是震旦博物院時期（1930-1952）：遷入震旦大學的徐家匯博物院在此時更名，並與大學課程充分配合，發揮教育功能。而在知識交流上，博物院此時更積極尋求與當時中國第一代生物學人才合作，尤其是昆蟲學方面的人才，這點可從成果出版中觀察到。最後，從這個時期的展覽可看出，博物院不僅注重研究與教育，也開始加強科普的功能。一九五二年，在戰後試圖繼續發展的震旦博物院仍不敵政局改變的壓力，與震旦大學一起被迫關閉。這個由法國耶穌會士主持的上海科學機構從此逐漸被遺忘，而它在中國現代生物學發展中所扮演的角色，其實值得我們重新認識。

While the role played by the Jesuits in the history of Sino-Western cultural exchange has been well researched, most studies have focused on the end of the Ming dynasty and beginning of the Qing, with research into the late imperial Qing and Republican eras being comparatively sparse. Focusing on a natural history museum founded in Shanghai by French Jesuits in the second half of the 19th century, this article retraces the major activities of this scientific institution which existed for more than 80 years but has now been largely forgotten. The article considers two distinct periods of time, analyzing the most significant developments of the museum during each period. During the first period (1868-1930), when it was known as Zikawei Museum, the first point highlighted involves the contributions of the founding father, Pierre Marie Heude, and his successors in building specimen collections once considered unmatched, quantitatively, in all of East Asia. The article also emphasizes the scientific illustrations drawn and lithographed by the orphans of Toushanwan that appeared in the publications of the museum and traces the introduction and transmission of related techniques into China. When interacting with local scientific communities, the museum generally offered specimen identification services to those requesting it and collaborated closely with Shanghai Museum in various fields, including in training the first generation of Chinese taxidermists. During the second period (1930-1952), when it was renamed Zhendan Museum (or, in English, Heude Museum) after merging with Zhendan University (Aurora University), the museum began to develop its educational functions, with priests working in the museum also teaching students. As for scientific exchange, the museum sought to collaborate with the first generation of Chinese scientists, especially entomologists, an effort particularly evident in its scientific publications. Through exhibitions organized in this period, we can also observe that this museum tried to enhance its efforts at scientific popularization. In 1952, Heude Museum, which had tried to continue its activities after the war, was finally forced to close along with Aurora University at the orders of the new political authorities. This article brings greater attention to the significance of the institution and its role in the development of modern Chinese biology, topics which have been largely ignored since the museum’s closure.