上古宇宙觀的考古學研究──安徽蚌埠雙墩春秋鍾離君柏墓解讀

Ancient Cosmology from an Archaeological Perspective: Deciphering the No. 1 Tomb of the Spring and Autumn Period at Shuangdun Village in Bengbu City, Anhui Province

安徽蚌埠雙墩春秋鍾離君柏墓的發現不僅為鍾離國歷史的研究提供了大量實物資料，更重要的是，其獨特的墓葬形制完整地展現了上古宇宙觀的豐富內涵。本文將考古資料與文獻史料互為印證，揭示了墓葬自封土以至墓室的六層結構所具有的文化含義。以五色土遺跡以證月令思想，圓璧遺跡以論蓋天觀念，放射遺跡以明星象之象徵，土丘遺跡以見形埒觀念，山緣遺跡以示八極觀念，「亞」形墓室以究宇宙觀之發展。墓葬獨特形制的設計旨在體現以祖配天的傳統宗教觀，體現了淮水流域古代文化的地域特色，並對鄒衍學說的形成及《淮南子》宇宙觀的傳承產生了深刻影響。

The discovery of the No.1 tomb of the Spring and Autumn Period at Shuangdun village in Bengbu city, Anhui province has not only given us a large amount of physical material with which to investigate the history of the Zhongli state, more importantly, the unique form of the tomb completely evinces the rich connotations of ancient cosmology. This article consolidates archaeological materials and ancient texts in order to interpret the cultural implications of the tomb's six-layer structure: the five-color earth mound on top of the tomb indicates the concept of yueling (the proceedings of the government in different months); the flat, circular layer resembling a jade disk demonstrates the ''celestial dome'' theory; radiating lines symbolize the constellations; semicircles molded out of clay represent the idea of xinglie (form and boundary); piles of circular cones manifest the concept of the eight poles of the Earth; and the ya-shaped (cross-shaped) tomb chamber indicates the advanced level of Chinese cosmology at the time the tomb was constructed. The distinctive structure of the tomb embodies the traditional religious notion of enshrining ancestors as foils to heaven. It also reveals the local characteristics of ancient culture in the Huai River region and had a deep influence on the formation of Zou Yan' s philosophy and the transmission of the cosmological views recorded in Huainanzi.