元憲宗朝前後四兀魯思之分封及其動向──大蒙古國政治背景下的山西地區

Changes in Land Apportionment Practices in the Mongol Empire Before and After the Reign of the Great Qan Mönke

「分封」是蒙古帝國分配與控制被其征服的地區一項重要制度。本文嘗試以大蒙古國時期的山西地區為例，來探討遊牧傳統和政治鬥爭影響下的「分封」制度的變化。本文認為，大蒙古國時期的分封形態與蒙古人對外征服的行動密切相關：即某位宗王親自參與了征服某一地區的戰事，就有權在戰後獲取相應的分地。而從宏觀上來看，北部中國分封形勢的變化，也與整個大蒙古國內部不同派系勢力的消長息息相關。首先，由於成吉思汗的四位長子皆參與了攻克山西的軍事行動，故均在此擁有分地，而並非如傳統觀點所認為的，僅屬於察合台、朮赤兩家的勢力範圍。其次，從貴由汗繼位到蒙哥汗奪位成功，蒙古帝國內部的權力鬥爭，導致了對最初的分封形態的改變。察合台家族、朮赤家族先後利用干預選汗的契機，擴張自己的利益，並削弱對方。而拖雷家族則在蒙哥上臺後，迅速地在山西南部獲得了更大的影響力。而忽必烈本人在山西南部的分地，與其在蒙哥汗在位時新增的分地也有關聯。最後，作者想要指出的是：「分封」作為草原傳統向定居社會的延伸，具有其特殊性格。因此，漢地分封中對固有行政區劃的割裂，反映出草原傳統下分封以「人口」而非「行政區劃」為標準的事實；而政治鬥爭的反覆上演，則使得「分封」行為本身始終處於一動態過程中。

Land apportionment was an important practice in the Mongol Empire, and Mongol conquerors used this practice to control and administer occupied regions effectively. In this article, the author will take the Shanxi prefecture as an example and discuss factors which influenced changes in land apportionment practices during the Mongol Empire. This article's author believes that during the early Mongol Empire, land apportionment was closely connected to the Mongol conduct of conquest. Every prince who fought to conquer a certain region could obtain a portion of that region as a reward after it was defeated. And, speaking from a broader perspective, political struggles within different factions of the Great Qan's family also had a major influence on changes in apanage. First, this article demonstrates that Ögedei, Tölei, and their brothers (the sons of Chinggis Qan) all fought against the Jurchen army in the Shanxi prefecture. Consequently, after the war, they all received their own apanages in this region, and it was not controlled simply by Chaghatai and Jochi as is traditionally believed. Ögedei's apanage was in the northern portion of the Shanxi prefecture. Second, the article discusses the fact that elections of the Great Qan resulted in great antagonism during the Mongol Empire. The families of Chaghatai and Jochi took advantage of election periods to expand their power and weaken their opponents. However, after Mönke was elected to the position of Great Qan, the family of Tölei, especially Qubilai, won greater influence in the southern portion of the Shanxi prefecture. Finally, the author also indicates that land apportionment was introduced by the Mongols into sedentary society from the steppe. Consequently, this practice evinced several unique characteristics: it was not based on the traditional Chinese district system, but on the census (population-based) system developed under Mongol rule; and, furthermore, as the political situation within the empire changed, so too did the practice of land apportionment.