說殷墟甲骨文中的「玉戚」

A Paleographic Analysis of the ''Yù qῑ''(Jade-battle-axe) found in the Yinxu Oracle-bone Script

本文主要討論《殷墟甲骨刻辭類纂》頁1263收為3262號字頭釋作「玉」的那個字（以下用△代替），其代表字形作􀀀、􀀀。研究者大都承認，△字在卜辭中當是表示「玉器」一類意思或是專指某一種「玉器」，但對其字形則有釋讀為「朋」、「寶」、「玉」、「珏」、「琮」和「賏」等多種異說。從近年所見甲骨論著看，似乎信從釋「玉」和釋「琮」兩說的研究者最多。本文排比分析殷墟甲骨文中△字的不同形體，聯繫族氏金文中象形性更強的△字，通過跟殷墟甲骨文中「戚」字的象形字形和出土的商周「玉戚」實物之形仔細比較，論證了△是玉戚的象形字，其字形象鋒刃朝上放置的兩側有齒牙形扉棱的戚體之形。接下來本文進一步梳理△及以它為偏旁的字在殷墟甲骨文裏的用法，指出義為「玉戚」的△在卜辭中或用為祭品，或用為臣下向商王等的獻納之物。以△為偏旁的字有些跟△用法也相同，當是其假借字或繁體。最後本文結合「戈」與「圭」、「王」與斧鉞類武器「揚」在字形和讀音上相類似的平行關係，認為「玉戚」字△的讀音可能與「戚」相近，△是由武器「戚」轉化為禮玉，又將「戚」字讀音稍加改變而來。據此推測，「玉戚」字△就是《爾雅‧釋器》裏的「琡」字，其他古書和出土文獻裏或寫作「𤩈（璹）」、「㺲」，或假借「㕚」字為之。

The central topic of this article is the character identified as yù 玉 in the Yinxu jiagu keci leizuan, page 1263, entry 3262 (indicated below with the symbol △). Typical forms for this graph are 􀀀 and 􀀀 The majority of scholars agree that the graph △ refers to a category of Yùqῑ 玉器 (jade objects) or specifically denotes a particular type of jade object, and several different transcriptions have been suggested, for example péng 朋, bǎo 寶, Yù 玉, jué 珏, cóng 琮 and yῑng 賏. On the basis of recent works on oracle-bone inscriptions, it seems that yù and cóng are the most commonly employed transcriptions. The present work analyzes the different forms of the character △ found on the Yinxu oracle bones, along with the more pictographic forms of the character found on bronze inscriptions. This article makes a detailed comparison of these graphs with the oracle-bone script character qῑ 戚 and compares its form to that of excavated Shang and Zhou yù qῑ 玉戚 (jade-battle-axes). Extensive comparison demonstrates that △ is a pictograph depicting the head of such a Yù qῑ. The graph shows the upwards-facing blade and its notched sides. The paper then surveys the usage in the Yinxu oracle-bone script of △ and other graphs in which it appears as a component, showing that the character △ is used in the inscriptions to denote a sacrificial offering or an object presented by a subordinate to a superior, such as the Shang king. Among graphs which use △ as a component, some have the same usage as △ itself, suggesting that these are loangraphs or complex variant forms. Finally this paper looks at the relationship between the character forms and ancient Chinese pronunciations of gé 戈 and guῑ 圭 on one hand, and between wáng 王 and the axe-type weapon yáng 揚on the other, and parallels this with the △ and qῑ, suggesting that the pronunciation of the word denoted by △ (depicting the head of a yù qῑ) should probably be close to that of qῑ, or ''battle-axe.'' The character △ depicts a ceremonial jade which developed from the weapon qῑ, and its pronunciation is derived from that of the word qῑ. It is conjectured that the graph △ corresponds to the character chù 琡 found in section of the Er ya entitled Shì qì 釋器 (explanation of vessels). In other early transmitted texts and excavated materials, the word is written as 𤩈 (shú 璹), 㺲 and sometimes the character 㕚 is borrowed to denote the word.