英文摘要 |
Historically, most scholars have taken Han Yu's Yuandao and Yuanxing and Li Ao's Fuxing shu as the representative works marking both the culmination of Tang thought and the initiation of the Neo-Confucian xingli teachings of the Song and Ming dynasties. During this period, when ability at poetic composition was among the deciding factors for government appointment, while Buddhism and Daoism were both extremely influential among intellectuals, those who could fully express Confucian learning were advantaged as Confucianism was prominent among the three teachings. The denigration of Buddhism and Daoism and exaltation of Confucianism by Han Yu and Li Ao remained influential and repeatedly echoed until the latter half of the Northern Song. By this reasoning, Han Yu and Li Ao's contribution to the revival of Confucianism was undoubtedly great. However, from the perspective of Chinese intellectual history, or even just from the perspective of Tang or Song thought, this evaluation needs some reconsideration. In order to examine Han Yu and Li Ao's influence during the latter half of the Tang we need to critically re-evaluate some contemporary material. We must also reconsider the intellectual situation during the latter half of the Tang, and in particular, the final years of the dynasty. Based on these considerations, the author finds Lu Xisheng's Daode zhenjing zhuan especially worthy of study. Lu Xisheng's Daode zhenjing zhuan not only advocates the equivalence of the teachings of Confucius and Laozi. Of particular interest is its re-reading of the Daode jing from the perspective of the Five Classics and Four Books, the Zhongyong and Yueji chapters of the Liji in particular. The author considers that despite Lu Xisheng's insistence in his preface that Laozi's thought contained the teachings of the three Confucian sages, Fuxi, King Wen and Confucius, he actually, perhaps unconsciously, adopted a subjective Confucian perspective. However, as in the unfolding of his argument Lu Xisheng frequently uses terms such as 'substance and function ti/yong' 'pattern and phenomena li/shi' 'substance and expedience shi/quan' borrowed from the Buddhist Sanlun school, and notions developed in Tiantai teachings and Daoist thought of the Sui-Tang period (such as expressed in Daojiao yishu). Clearly, Buddhist and Daoist concept and patterns were already important elements within the intellectual world of the period. Lu Xisheng's re-structuring of the notion of 'return fugui' was based on the one hand on the 'fugui' concept in Lao-zhuang thought, the ideas of 'fu' and 'nature and emotion xingqing' of the Yijing. On the other hand relying on Li Ao's Fuxing shu he greatly elaborated upon the weaknesses of the above theories by combining them with the logical concept of 'shi/quan' favored by the Buddhists and Daoists. Slightly later works, such as Qiang Siji's Daode zhenjing xuande zuanshu and Du Guangting's Daode zhenjing guangsheng yi while superficially advocating the merging of the three teachings were fundamentally Daoist in their explanations and annotations. Their theoretical stance thus remained problematic. In comparison, Lu Xisheng's Daode zhenjing zhuan actually used Confucian thinking to explicate the Daode jing while using Buddhist and Daoist terminology to develop his arguments. He thus produced a more complete system of thought than his contemporaries. |