史學與文化思想：司馬光對諸葛亮故事的重建

History and Culture: Sima Guang's Reconstruction of Zhuge Liang's Story

本文以個案研究來探討傳統中國歷史著述中文獻運用的自由度與限制間的張力，並彰顯其中的複雜性。因為《資治通鑒》的敘事結構著重於事件的展開，所以司馬光（與劉攽、劉恕、范祖禹）在重新連綴早期史家支離脫節的敘事時便有相當的自由度。這種自由在他重構陳壽的《三國志》和裴松之的注時，尤其顯著。司馬光重建諸葛亮故事時，他刻意選擇以前文獻中的某些詞彙，而同時在變動的地方自由添加自己的文字。一些學者或許會覺得司馬光改變之處僅僅出於文字風格和方便敘事的考慮，但本文作者卻企圖尋繹司馬光的論述模式，並以此例說明傳統歷史學家既欲忠實傳統，又試圖把自己的價值鐫刻在歷史與文獻傳統之中。

Contemporary scholars often regard traditional Chinese historians as having either liberally 'invented traditions' or conservatively pasted together quotations from earlier sources. In response, I undertake a case study not only to explore the tension between textual freedom and restraint within traditional Chinese historical writing but also to suggest some of its complexity. The study focuses on the Comprehensive Mirror for Aid in Government (Zizhi tongjian) because it has endured as an exemplary achievement in Chinese historiography. Sima Guang (1018-1086) was entrusted by the Song emperor to compile this grand historical narrative, and his veracity and judicious use of sources has earned him a reputation as one of China's greatest historians. Sima Guang was fortunate to obtain the assistance of three outstanding historians: Liu Bin (1023-1089), Liu Shu (1032-1078), and Fan Zuyu (1041-1098). Although these colleagues organized the materials and played major roles, Sima Guang articulated the guidelines, closely supervised the project, and was ultimately responsible; thus, I will simply speak of the work as his. What matters is not which member of the team might have initiated a particular change of wording, but rather the impact of changes between source texts and the grand narrative. I scrutinize the text, compare it against its sources, and analyze apparent patterns evident in the selection and exclusion of words from earlier sources. The focus of the case study is Zhuge Liang (181-234), the principal advisor and administrator of Liu Bei's (162-223) Shu-Han (221-263) state in the Three Kingdoms period (220-265). Besides being an intriguing subject in himself, Zhuge Liang was chosen because historical materials from his era had been preserved and evaluated by two exceptional dynastic historians. With access to the archives and libraries of all three states, Chen Shou (233-297) had compiled the officially sponsored history, the Chronicle of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguo zhi). Pei Songzhi (372-451) collected over two hundred additional sources, incorporating them into his commentary to Chen Shou's official history. Although some of Pei Songzhi's supplemental sources had obviously been rejected by Chen Shou and were even criticized by Pei Songzhi himself, these sources provided a treasure trove for Sima Quang.