郭店楚簡〈六德〉箋釋

Annotation and Interpretation of the ''Six Virtues'' (Liude) Manuscript of the Guodian Chu Slips

郭店楚簡於一九九三年冬出土於中國湖北省荊門市郭店一號楚墓，據發掘者推斷該墓年代約為戰國中期偏晚〈約在公元前四世紀中期至前三世紀初〉。郭店楚簡的年代下限應略早於墓葬年代。此批竹簡共有八百多枚，其中有字簡約有七百三十枚，經整理者加以復原，分為〈老子〉、〈太一生水〉、〈緇衣〉、〈魯穆公問子思〉、〈窮達以時〉、〈五行〉、〈唐虞之道〉、〈忠信之道〉、〈成之聞之〉、〈尊德義〉、〈性自命出〉、〈六德〉以及〈語叢〉四種，共有十六種先秦道家和儒家的典籍。其中〈六德〉有竹簡四十九枚，內容主要是討論儒家的人倫關係。文中提出「六德」、「六位」、「六職」三組相對應的概念，六德為：義、忠、智、信、聖、仁，六位為：君、臣、夫、婦、父、子，六職為：使、事、率、從、教、學。六種人倫關係能夠和諧，社會國家也就能安定；而「孝弟」則是一切人倫道德的根本。〈六德〉並不見於傳世文獻，是屬於戰國時期的儒家佚籍。本文以一九九八年五月文物出版社出版的《郭店楚墓竹簡》一書的釋文為基礎，並參酌兩年多來學者的研究成果來作討論。全文分為「概說」和「箋釋」兩部份。「概說」部份，是全篇內容以及其思想源流的說明，「箋釋」則是全文的主要部份，其重點是對簡文字詞的訓解，並旁引傳統古籍來作印證；而對竹簡的編連，也作了若干的調整。

The Guodian Chu Slips were unearthed in 1993 in tomb no.1 of the Guodian Chu tombs in Jingmen, Hubei province. The archeological team suggested the tomb should be dated to the latter half of the Warring States period (mid-fourth to early third century B.C.). The slips should be dated earlier than the tomb itself. There are in total over 800 bamboo slips in this cache, including some 730 inscribed slips. After restoration these were divided into the following sixteen texts: ''Laozi'', ''Taiyi shengshui'', ''Zhiyi'', ''Duke Mu of Lu queries Zisi'', ''Qiongda yishi'', ''Wuxing'', ''Tangyu zhidao'', ''Zhongxin zhidao'', ''Chengzhi wenzhi'', ''Zundeyi'', ''Xingzimingchu'', ''Liude'' and ''Yucong (4 pieces).'' These pre-Qin manuscripts are both Daoist and Confucian in character. Composed of forty-nine slips, the ''Liude'' text deals with Confucian principles of human relationships. The texts mention three groups of interrelated concepts: ''six virtues'', ''six positions'' and ''six vocations.'' The six virtues are: duty, loyalty, knowledge, faithfulness, wisdom and humaneness; the six positions are: ruler, minister, husband, wife, father and son; the six vocations are: order, service, leadership, subservience, instruction and learning. Once the six types of human relationships are harmonized then society and state may be stabilized. The basis for all relationships is filial piety and proper respect among brothers. The ''Liude'' text is not extant among the traditional transmitted texts and must be considered a lost Confucian text of the Warring States period. This article uses the transcriptions published in Chu Bamboo Slips from Guodian (published in May, 1998 by Wenwu) as a basis along with research on the slips published since that time. The article is divided into two: general summary, where I explain the meaning of the text as a whole, as well as discuss the development of its thought, followed by annotation and interpretation. In this main part of the article I explicate the characters and phrases of the slips, using traditional transmitted texts as evidence. I also provide some new interpretations for the links among the slips.