淺介日本國憲法第25條──以日劇《健康又有文化的最低限度生活》爲出發點

An Introduction to Article 25 of The Constitution of Japan: Starting from Drama“The Minimum Standards of Wholesome and Cultured Living”

《健康又有文化的最低限度生活》爲關西電視台於2018年播出之電視劇。「健康又有文化的最低限度生活」，此句話即自日本國憲法第25條內文而來。
鑒於我國和鄰國日本，風俗民情接近，且我國憲法第15條亦明文納入「生存權」保障之概念，故本文以日劇爲楔子，探討何謂最低限度生活之權利及法理概念之所生，並自憲法觀點，回顧文獻以理解國家爲何需要提供最低限度生活權給國民，與國民之請求權基礎。
在理解了「國家必須在生活的一切方面爲提高和增進社會福利、社會保障以及公共衛生而努力」法理與實務之同時，本文透過時空轉置，遙想日本國憲法中之生存權思想萌芽與其後因經濟、社會變遷而來之發展，以理解生存保障制度之意涵。
社會國與福利國之概念，如今幾已深植於民主國家國民心中，國家對人民生存照顧義務之觀念，亦逐漸透過法律與其後之訴訟，逐步落實對弱者之保護，惟衡諸現實狀況，仍必須兼顧社會發展、資本主義維持、政府財政等，諸多考量爲現代國家之一大挑戰。

“The Minimum Standards of Wholesome and Cultured Living”is a television drama produced by Kansai TV and broadcasted in 2018. The phrase“minimum standards of wholesome and cultured living”comes from Article 25 of The Constitution of Japan.
Given the similarities in customs and traditions between Taiwan and Japan, and the fact that the concept of the“right to life”is explicitly included in Article 15 of our Constitution, this article uses the Japanese drama as a starting point to explore the concept and legal framework of the right to minimum standards of living.
From a constitutional perspective, this article reviewed relevant literature to understand why Japan provided its citizens with the right to minimum standards of living, and the basis for citizens to request such a right.
The concepts of a social state and a welfare state are deeply rooted today, especially of citizens of democratic countries. The idea that the state has an obligation to care for its people’s survival is gradually being implemented through laws and litigations. However, considering the current situation, many factors must be balanced, such as social development, maintaining capitalism, and government finances, making it a significant challenge for modern and democratic countries.