負死而生 海德格與托爾斯泰之現象學關聯

Carrying Death in One’s Life: A Phenomenological Liaison between Heidegger and Tolstoy

本文分析海德格在《存在與時間》裏引述托爾斯泰的小說《伊凡‧伊里奇之死》可能有的涵義。通過把二人的作品交錯閱讀，開發海德格哲學裏尚未明言的倫理意涵。本文首先分析海德格和托爾斯泰指出日常狀態如何掩蓋人們會死的事實。接著分析二人向死存在之含義，並指出向死存在提供了人們契機去改變其存在狀態。最後會指出海德格的哲學包含負死而生的觀點，代表承擔他人之死的倫理態度。

My paper analyzes the significance of Tolstoy’s The Death of Ivan Ilyich in Heidegger’s Being and Time. By detecting similar thoughts about death in these two authors, I argue that the ethical thinking, which remains unclarified in Heidegger, can become much more explicit. I begin by demonstrating the ways in which the everyday attitude obscures the potential approach of death at any moment. Then, I proceed to elaborate on Heidegger’s notion of Being-towards-death with reference to the relevant episodes in Tolstoy’s novel, emphasizing that Being-towards-death offers a crucial opportunity to surpass one’s everyday attitude and confront one’s own possibility of death. In the end, aided by Tolstoy’s particular plot, I contend that we can further develop Heidegger’s ethical thinking by asserting that carrying the impending death of other individuals in one’s own life motivates individuals to care for them, thus providing a healing effect.