人類間質肺炎病毒感染

Human Metapneumovirus Infections

人類間質肺炎病毒(human metapneumovirus, hMPV)，自2001年被發現以來，已對全球造成相當的疾病負擔，尤其是在兒童、老年人和免疫不全族群的感染率和嚴重度相對其他族群高。本文概述了hMPV感染的流行病學、臨床表現、檢驗、治療和預防與控制等。hMPV感染可出現一系列呼吸道症狀，從輕微的上呼吸道感染到嚴重的下呼吸道感染，甚至可以導致住院和死亡。目前對hMPV感染尚無特定的治療方法，輕度感染建議症狀治療，至於嚴重病例，則需要提供積極的重症支持治療，可能需要氧氣治療、呼吸支持和機械通氣等。hMPV感染的診斷具有挑戰性，因為與其他呼吸道病毒感染具有相似的臨床表徵。目前常用的檢驗方式為聚合酶鏈反應(PCR)方法、免疫螢光染色法(IFA)及酵素免疫測定法(ELISA)。目前已有一些疫苗開發希望對hMPV感染進行預防，然而，這些疫苗仍需進一步研究並評估其安全性和療效。發展有效的疫苗和治療方法，是當前防治的重點。預防措施包括加強個人衛生、勤洗手、減少接觸感染者及避免到人多壅擠、通風不良的場所等來減少hMPV感染的風險。通過加強宣傳和教育，提高民眾對hMPV的認識和防範意識，也是預防hMPV感染的重要措施之一。

Human metapneumovirus (hMPV), discovered in 2001, imposes a significant disease burden worldwide, particularly affecting children, the elderly, and immunocompromised individuals with higher infection rates and severity. This comprehensive review provides an overview of the epidemiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostics, treatment, prevention, and control of hMPV infection. hMPV infections can present with a range of respiratory symptoms, from mild upper respiratory tract to severe lower respiratory tract infections, leading to hospitalization and death. Currently, there is no specific treatment for hMPV infection, and symptomatic management is recommended for mild cases, whereas severe cases require aggressive intensive care support, including oxygen therapy, respiratory support, and mechanical ventilation. The diagnosis of an hMPV infection is challenging because it shares clinical features with other respiratory viral infections. Commonly used diagnostic methods include polymerase chain reaction, immunofluorescence assay, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. There are ongoing efforts to develop vaccines to prevent hMPV infections; however, further research is required to evaluate their safety and efficacy. Developing effective vaccines and treatment methods remains the current focus of research. Prevention measures include promoting personal hygiene, frequent hand washing, reducing contact with infected individuals, and avoiding crowded and poorly ventilated areas to minimize the risk of contracting an hMPV infection. Enhancing public awareness and education regarding hMPV is also important for prevention.