人體與構築：十五世紀義大利文藝復興軍事建築的理想與法則

The Human Body and the Architectonic: Ideal and Norm in Quattrocento Italian Military Architecture

本文以十五世紀軍事防禦工事與古典建築理論之間的對話為主題。在梳理三位文藝復興初期代表性建築理論家：費拉列鐵、里歐．巴蒂斯塔．阿爾貝蒂、法蘭切斯科．迪．喬治．馬丁尼有關軍事防禦建築理論及設計的文本與設計圖後，可發現其中所強調的幾何圖形和模組化概念皆與古羅馬建築師維特魯威提出的「人體—建築」類比緊密相連。此外，當時建築師企圖建立一套建築階層，以及他們將軍事建築視為各類建築之首的論述，也很可能是受維特魯威的人體理論啟發。
本研究一方面突顯了十五世紀軍事防禦建築的古典之美；另一方面也強調十五世紀軍事工程與世俗、宗教建築間的互文性。此研究成果有助了解文藝復興早期軍事建築的發展。

This paper explores the dialogue between fifteenth-century military architectural theories and those of the classical world. After examining the military architectural treatises and designs of the three most renowned theorists of the early Renaissance, Filarete, Leon Battista Alberti, and Francesco di Giorgio Martini, this article argues that their emphasis on geometry and modularity was closely associated with the analogy between the human body and architecture proposed by the Roman architect Vitruvius. It will also show that the Vitruvian human body metaphor was likely the most significant inspiration for the fifteenth-century formation of a function-oriented architectural hierarchy, in which defensive military structures were the most vital.
This paper highlights the beauty of Quattrocento military architecture derived from classical architectural theories while also pointing to the close relationship between military, civil, and ecclesiastical architecture in the fifteenth century. In so doing, this research sheds new light on the evolution of military and defensive architecture in the early Renaissance.