中國大陸新冠疫情防控下個人隱私權的憲法保護研究

Research on the Constitutional Protection of Personal Privacy under the Prevention and Control of COVID-19 in China

隱私權是人格權的一部分，現代法治國家都認為個人隱私為憲法所保護的基本權利。在新冠疫情之下，中國大陸基於疫情防控的需要，使用各種防疫措施例如健康碼來採集民眾的個人資訊。中國大陸地方政府在採集個人資訊過程中，有不少內容涉及隱私部分，有隱私權侵犯的問題。目前，中國大陸已經形成對隱私權的法律保護體系。隨著《民法典》的施行，使得隱私的概念在法律條文明確規定，體現民法對於民眾隱私權保護。另外，《傳染病防治法》和《突發事件應對法》也對隱私權的保護作出明確規定。事實證明，單純靠上述法律進行保護顯得力不從心，迫切需要從憲法層次對干預民眾隱私權的國家公權力進行規範和控制。本文即以此為切入點，重新審視隱私權在中國大陸《憲法》保護的必要性，並透過分析中國大陸《憲法》條文，推導出隱私權與中國大陸《憲法》之間的內在邏輯關係。儘管中國大陸《憲法》沒有使用隱私權的概念，但隱私權作為人格尊嚴不可或缺的核心內容之一，其內涵早已體現憲法規定中，當屬憲法基本權利保障的核心內容。因此，中國大陸為因應新冠疫情所採取的防疫措施，已經嚴重背離憲法的隱私權保護。本文以為，雖然中國大陸已經建構對隱私權的法律保護體系，但究竟為法律層次，保障究竟不足，應該提升至憲法層次。未來可以透過憲法解釋的方式，將隱私權成為憲法保障的基本權利之一。

The right to privacy is a part of personality rights, and modern countries ruled by law believe that personal privacy is a basic right protected by the constitution. Under the new crown epidemic, based on the needs of epidemic prevention and control, the CCP authorities used various epidemic prevention measures such as health codes to collect personal information of the people. In the process of collecting personal information by local governments in China, a lot of content involves privacy, and there are issues of privacy violations. At present, China has formed a legal protection system for the right to privacy. With the implementation of the “Civil Code”, the concept of privacy has been clearly stipulated in the legal provisions, reflecting the protection of the civil law for the privacy of the public. In addition, the “Law on the Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases” and the “Law on Emergency Response” also clearly stipulate the protection of the right to privacy. Facts have proved that relying solely on the above-mentioned laws for protection is insufficient, and there is an urgent need to regulate and control the state power that interferes with the privacy of the public at the constitutional level. This paper takes this as a starting point to re-examine the necessity of the protection of the right to privacy in the Constitution, and through the analysis of the provisions of the Constitution, deduce the internal logical relationship between the right of privacy and the Constitution. Although the Constitution does not use the concept of the right to privacy, the right to privacy is one of the indispensable core contents of human dignity, and its connotation has already been reflected in the provisions of the Constitution. Therefore, the anti-epidemic measures taken by the CCP authorities in response to the new crown epidemic in the past three years have seriously deviated from the protection of the constitutional right to privacy. This paper believes that the current Civil Code has established a legal protection system for the right to privacy, but after all it is a private law, and the level of protection is insufficient after all. It must be upgraded to the constitutional level. Under the situation of constitutional amendments, in the future, through the way of explaining the constitution through the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress, privacy can become one of the basic rights of the Constitution.