近代立憲主義的接枝──從日本到中國的國體概念

On the Grafting of Modern Constitutionalism: About the Concept of National Polity That Was Introduced to China from Japan

近代立憲主義要求人民基本權利的確保，以及國家權力的分立，進而形成近代社會普遍承認的統治模式。然而，近代立憲主義並非自然產物，而是必須建立於國民國家的政治體制之上。對於尚未成功建設為近代意義國民國家的日本與中國，近代立憲主義的繼受，等同於國家體制的全盤改造。為求穩固政治共同體的再造，以及重建國民對於憲法秩序的接受，日本將國體概念引入憲法規範的解釋體系中。同時，日本也藉由國體概念，連結政治共同體的傳統歷史與未來展望。深受日本法學影響的中國，在清末民初的制憲實驗中，當然也承繼日本對於國體概念的使用。本研究論文將著重於國體概念在兩國憲法秩序中的發展歷程，試圖以現行觀點詮釋國體概念於憲法學的存在意義。

Modern constitutionalism requests the guarantee of fundamental human rights and the separation of state power, therefore it become the governance model that is recognized universally in modern society. However, Modern constitutionalism is not an object occurring naturally, but it must be founded on the system of Nation state. For Japan and China, that did not yet successfully construct the system of Nation state, adopting modern constitutionalism meant the reconstruction of nation system. In order to strengthen political integration, and reconstruct the people’s acceptance of constitutional order, Japan use the concept of National Polity and take it into the constitutional interpretation. At the same time, Japan use the concept of National Polity to concatenate the history with the future of political community. China, that was deeply influenced by Japan, also use the concept of National Polity and take it into the constitutional interpretation like Japan in the establishment of a constitution. The main purpose of this paper is to study the development of the concept of National Polity in the constitutional order on Japan and China, and try to analyze the significance of the concept of National Polity on the study of constitutional law by modern interpretation.