宋代四明士族人際網絡與社會文化活動──以樓氏家族為中心的觀察

Literati Networks and Socio-cultural Activities in Siming during the Song Dynasty－The Example of the Lou Lineage

本文是以兩宋之際四明地區的樓氏家族為中心，透過其家族參與地方活動與擴展人際關係為例，探討宋代四明士族的人際網絡與社會文化活動。一方面討論樓氏家族內部的興衰歷程，一方面進一步瞭解宋代四明地區士人家族人際網絡的發展，及其對地方學術文化乃至地方意識塑造的影響。四明樓氏家族的崛起與發展，是內、外諸多因素交織而成的。以內部發展而言，樓氏經由經營產業成為小康之家，再由教育著手，通過科舉獲取功名，進入仕途，晉升為地方的名門望族。以外在關係而言，樓氏族人藉著同學、共事、交遊、婚姻等方式與四明地區著名士族，建立了廣泛而深遠的人際網絡。四明士族的交遊與聚會，是以個人或家族關係網絡開展，進而提升四明地區整體文化及公共建設的水準。透過各個家族在教育、學習上的努力，得以維持四明在全國科舉上的優勢，並提振學風、凝聚學術氣氛，發展成為陸學的重鎮，乃至具備溝通朱、陸、呂諸學的媒介地位。詩社、真率會等耆老的社群組織以及鄉飲酒禮的實施，有助於聯絡在鄉的官僚與士大夫的情誼，不但培養士族對地方的認同感，更激發塑造鄉里文化的胸懷，形成共同推動地方公益活動的動力，因此設置鄉曲義莊、興設學校、修築橋樑及堰堤等社會公益活動陸續出現。這些活動除了增進鄉里團結外，更顯示四明士族對本土的關懷，藉由合作的方式，匯集群體的力量，創造具有文化特色的鄉里意識。這種地區性社會文化特色的建立與變化，不僅影響一地的學風，亦影響家族的發展與興替，都說明了宋代四明地區的社會發展中，家族與鄉里社會有著密不可分的關係。全文除前言、結論外，分成五節討論。第二節探究樓氏家族在兩宋時期的興衰過程。第三節闡述樓氏的教育與學風。第四節探討樓氏如何透過婚姻，在地方上建立強固的人際網絡。第五節討論樓氏與四明士族一起推動的社會文化活動，對地方上產生的影響及其意義。第六節則是說明四明士族如何透過集體的力量，共同關心與推動社會公益活動。

This essay examines the personal networks and social activities of literati lineages in the Siming area during the Song Dynasty (960-1279) through the Lou family lineage. It explores the Lou lineage's internal process of development and decline, as well as the broader issue of the development of literati networks in the Siming area during the Song, and how their local culture of learning influenced the sense of local identity. The rise and development of the Siming Lou lineage was the result of many internal and external factors. The Lou's first became a wealthy family through manufacturing, before becoming famous locally through education and passing the civil-service exams. At the same time, they established a widespread and deep personal network with other Siming area literati lineages through their classmates, business associates, circles of friends and marriages. Individuals and lineages contributed to the development of the network of friends and literati lineages in Siming, which in tum raised the level of culture and community in the area. Each lineage's pursuit of education and diligent study made Siming into a particularly good place in the county for exams. This also made for a favorable academic atmosphere, particularly for Lu studies. Eventually it became a meeting point for interchanges between Zhu, Lu, and Lü studies. Friendly relations between village officials and local literati were promoted by regular meetings of poets, Frank and Honest meetings, a society for the aged and respected, and implementation of village wine-drinking rites. These not only fostered feelings of local identity among the literati lineages, they also spurred ambitions to mold village culture, and became the motive force for the continuous efforts made for local welfare. This was expressed in setting up charitable estates in remote rural areas for the needy lineage members, starting schools, and repairing bridges and dikes. Apart from increasing village ties, these activities clearly reoriented Siming literati lineages to local concerns. They built a specific village consciousness through cooperative methods of focussing one local group's strength. The establishment and changes of this particular kind of local social culture not only influenced the study style of one place, it also influenced the development of lineages, and their rise and fall. There was an inseparable relationship between lineages and village society in the social development of the Siming area during the Song Dynasty Siming. This essay is divided into five parts, exclusive of the introduction and conclusion. The second part discusses the process of the Lou lineage's rise and development during the Song Dynasty. The third part elaborates on the Lou family's education and study style. The fourth part discusses how the Lou family established a strong local network through marriages. The fifth part discusses the Lou family, together with other Siming literati lineages', influence and intention in carrying out socio-cultural movements. The sixth part is an explanation of how Siming literati gathered power, and their common concerns in social welfare movements.