20世紀前期上海民間梅毒防治與藥品宣傳

The Prevention and Treatment of Syphilis and the Promotion of Drugs in Shanghai in the Early Twentieth Century

15世紀末隨著新航路的發現，開啟16世紀貿易時代，不僅形成人類、動物與植物以及白銀的流動，同時也造成不同地域間的疾病傳佈，如梅毒即被認為是進入大航海時代後，從美洲傳入歐洲的外來疾病。梅毒的傳播，伴隨著探險家或貿易船隊往東擴散，自16世紀傳入中國，始引起醫者的注意。到了20世紀，由於中國局勢動盪不安，有志於改革現狀的人士將梅毒視為外來威脅，展開一連串梅毒防治的言論與運動，作為「強種保國」的途徑之一。本文利用民初報刊與醫學書籍為主要參考資料。首先，回顧民初時期報刊所載優生學相關文章，探討當時知識分子如何看待性病感染與生育問題。其次，探討20世紀中國在「強種保國」氛圍下的梅毒防治內容，包括：民間醫者與知識分子如何呼籲梅毒等性病防治的重要性；報刊中梅毒藥品廣告如何反映時人對梅毒與梅毒感染者的看法。

With the discovery of sea routes at the end of the fifteenth century, the trade era was opened in the sixteenth century, which not only created the flows of humans, animals and plants, and the movements of silver, but also caused the spread of diseases among different regions. Syphilis is considered as an exotic disease introduced by the Americas to Europe in the Age of Exploration and spread to the Orient with explorers and merchant fleets. It did not attract the attention of physicians until being introduced to China in the sixteenth century. By the twentieth century, with the turbulent situation in China, syphilis was considered as an alien threat by reformers of the status quo. They launched a series of speeches and campaigns on syphilis prevention and control, as one of the ways to “protect the race and strengthen the country.” This study uses newspapers and medical books in the early Republican period of China as the main reference data. Firstly, the author reviews the articles related to eugenics in newspapers and magazines in that period, to discuss how contemporary intellectuals viewed sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) infection and fertility issues. Secondly, the author discusses the content of syphilis prevention and treatment in China in the twentieth century under the atmosphere of “protecting the race and strengthening the country,” including how folk doctors and intellectuals called for the importance of STDs prevention and treatments for syphilis; the characteristics of syphilis drug advertisements in newspapers and magazines, and people’s views reflected on syphilis and syphilis-infected patients in newspapers and magazines.