周秦城市的發展與特質

THE CHARACTERISTICS AND DEVELOPMENT OF CHINESE CITIES IN THE FIRST MILLENNIUM B. C.

概觀我國城市發展的歷史，可以分為四個階段：一是祭、政與軍鎮三位一體的城邦，大約從西元前二千年到春秋中晚葉；二是統一帝國行政基礎的縣城，從戰國開始蘊育，秦漢成熟；三是坊制破壞、商業與行政並重的城市，唐宋之際至明清；最後是現代都市，城牆逐漸拆毀，沒有城牆的城市不斷形成，現在仍然處於這個階段中。

This thesis is an attempt to describe and explain the processes of the second stage of urbanization in early China, in which the transition from city-states to hsien-cities occurred. I will also show the transformation of Chinese society in the Ch'un-ch'iu and Warring-States periods. There are five chapters in this paper: (1) the characteristics of Chinese city-states, (2) the urbanization during the Ch'un-ch'iu period, (3) the origin of outer city-walls, (4) new markets and handicraft centers, and (5) the beginnings of hsien-cities as the bases of the centralized administrative system. The Chinese city-state was composed of a small city enclosed in pounded-earth walls and surrounded by a big area of field and forest, separated by hills, rivers and artificial obstructions from the neighbouring city-states.