產業政策與產業發展的關聯──以大陸汽車產業為例

The Connection between Industrial Policy and Industrial Development—A Case Study of Auto Industry in Mainland China

產業政策對工業先進國家而言，似乎並不需要或並不常見，但對一個後進發展的國家而言，卻不失為一個追趕先進國家的策略或手段。尤其是在「東亞新興工業化國家」（NICS）經濟大幅成長的過程中，產業政策似乎占了相當重要的角色。大陸汽車產業的發展已超過五十年，由以往計畫經濟時期的「自主發展、自力更生」的方式，過渡到市場經濟時期的「引進外資、合作發展」的途徑，並在「七五」計畫時期即列為優先發展的支柱產業。中國大陸於1994年3月、2004年6月分別頒布汽車工業產業政策及汽車產業發展政策，以促進大陸汽車產業的發展，可見大陸當局亦視產業政策為推動汽車產業發展的重要手段。本文的研究顯示，大陸汽車產業的發展在產業政策的指引及保護下，部分項目有所發展，部分項目則仍無表現，但總體而言，大陸汽車產業發展仍有可觀，顯示產業政策對產業發展仍有一定的功效。隨著加入世界貿易組織（WTO）及國際化的腳步，大陸汽車產業政策亦有所調整，新頒的汽車產業政策期許中國未來成為汽車業的製造大國，也要求本土的汽車企業能夠自創知名品牌。此項政策目標能否實現除了需依賴大陸汽車廠商的決心與努力外，產業政策能否落實及政府官僚的執行力亦為關鍵。

In advanced industrialized countries, industrial policy seems not necessary and rarely adopted. But for newly developing countries, it can be a strategy or means to catch up with the developed countries. Especially for East Asia's NICS, during their rapid growth of economy, industrial policy seems to have played a very important role. It has been over 50 years since China started its automobile industry. From“selfdevelopment, self-reliance”in the early period of planned economy to“enticing foreign capital, cooperative development”in the period of market-based economy, automobile industry was listed as one of the pillar industries which would be prioritized in“Seventh Five-year plan”(1986-1990). Chinese government promulgated“Industrial Policy for Automobile”in March 1994 and“Policy for the development of Automobile Industry”in June 2004, trying to facilitate auto industry. So it’s obvious that the Chinese government considered industrial policy as a critical method to boom automobile industry. This paper points out, under the guidance and protection of industrial policy, some parts of automobile industry in China has succeeded while some has not. But overall, the development of China’s auto industry has reached a quite good level. It has proved that industrial policy really worked. After China’s entry into WTO and coupled with the globalization steps, China has modified its industrial policy of automobile. Newly announced automobile policy of 2004 aims China to become a giant automobile manufacturing country and requests the local automobile operators to create their own brand names. The goals can be achieved or not, depends not only on the effort of automobile operators, but also on the implementation of industrial policy and the enforcement ability of the Chinese government.