緬甸本土「抗議藝術」與反軍政府運動

Myanmar’s Local Protest Art and Anti-Military Movement

「抗議藝術」指的是涉及示威、社會運動，或公民抗命行動的創造性作品。2021 年2 月1 日，緬甸軍方發動軍事政變，終結透過民主程序產生並且成功連任的文人政府，2010 年以來被形容為「緬甸之春」的民主化進程霎時逆轉。政變發生之後，包含民族團結政府、人民防衛軍、民間組織在內的「反軍政團體」起而與軍政府對抗，冀望透過反極權抗議、公民不服從運動、武裝攻擊等方式凸顯其治理的不正當性。而在反軍政府運動中，也有很多藝術家在他們的角色上貢獻一己之力，創作許多與反對獨裁、不滿現狀、爭取民主有關的抗議藝術作品，希望用手中的畫筆參與抗爭。事實上，抗議藝術、文學、詩歌、音樂，乃至表演，在緬甸均有紮實的傳統基礎，儘管經歷超過50 年的極權統治，緬甸人民在思想、精神與表達上仍有受到藝術領域的灌溉。有鑑於此，本文將以緬甸本土抗議藝術為主題，探討其在反軍政府運動中的角色與貢獻。內文分成三部分，第一部分梳理抗議藝術的緣起；第二部分探討2021 緬甸政變成因，並簡述反軍政府運動的發展；第三部分則將此次反軍政府運動中，緬甸本土抗議藝術的參與，做一完整詳盡的呈現。

Protest art is creative works that are used as part of demonstrations, social movements, or acts of civil disobedience. A coup d'état in Myanmar began on February 1st, 2021, when the democratically elected civilian government was deposed by the military, which suddenly reversed the democratic progress made since 2010 in what is referred to as Myanmar’s Spring Revolution. After the coup, anti-military organizations, including the National Unity Government (NUG), People’s Defense Force (PDF), and other civil groups, have stood up against the military regime, seeking to use anti-authoritarian protest, civil disobedience movement, armed attack, and other tactics to bring focus to the military’s illegitimate rule. Hoping to participate in the protest through the use of their creative tools, many artists have also contributed to the anti-military movement, creating a wide range of protest artworks to express anti-authoritarian sentiments, dismay about the current state of affairs, and to fight for democracy. In fact, protest art, literature, poetry, music, and also performance have long been a tradition in Myanmar. Despite having endured over 50 years of authoritarian rule, the people of Myanmar’s ways of thinking, mentalities, and expressive approaches still draw influences from the arts. In the light of the foregoing, the theme of this paper focuses on Myanmar’s local protest art and explores its role and the contributions made in the anti-military movement. The paper is divided into three sections, which begins by examining the origin of protest art, and the second section looks into what caused the 2021 coup, including a brief overview on the anti-military movement’s development. Finally, the third section presents a comprehensive view on the involvement of Myanmar’s local protest art in the anti-military movement.