法益保護與法制規範：德國性工作的除罪化歷程

The Protection of Legal Goods and Norms: Decriminalizing Sex Work in Germany

法益保護的概念常隨著社會發展的樣態，透過憲法的比例原則調控基本權利的範疇。性犯罪法作為對社會整體結構的約束與監管，它既因應社會集體心理而改變，也受到法理原則的制約。最重要的是，法益所要保護的價值與對象往往在論證中持續浮現。從德國過去百年間性工作管制政策變動的過程來看，1900年至1973年間雖有以法益界線限制刑罰範圍的呼聲，但保護性道德仍是立法者主要的關切；1973至2002年間，性自主權則被視為重要法益。在過去10年間，德國法律學者對比例原則的理性論證顯然已進一步擴展法益保護原則的運作空間，也遏止對不明確法益的侵害。終究，對法益的保護，應被理解為憲法人權保障的終極關切，因此構成了無條件保障基本權利的內在制約。本文將由此觀點分析台灣的性工作管制政策。

Modern-day criminal codes will reveal that the policy behind sexual offense legislation is the negative perception of sexual autonomy. According to Johannes Bruggemann, the most important change of sexual criminal law arose from the definition of fornication. In the early 1970s, fornication meant to include any extramarital sexual intercourse between at least two persons and any activity of a sexual character for the purpose of seduction. According to this definition, Kanwischer believed it suited a general morality, which equated sexual relations to harm. However, as sexual autonomy increasingly became a dominant facet of society, the principle of protection of legal goods was used to define the boundary of sexual crimes. In 1973, it was a settled belief that criminal law served the purpose of realizing the common good and legal peace by protecting legal goods. The state may, in this view, exercise its power solely to protect freedoms and rights and should it use its power for a contrary purpose, then a breach over the constitutionality of laws will transpire. It is stressed that immoral behavior must not be punished for its own sake, but rather only for the infringement of a legal right. This view brought about a change in the sexual-political landscape and consequently a major historical shift, which demarcated the line in the state’s protection of legal goods. In this respect, the experience in Germany may serve as an important lesson for criminal legislation in Taiwan, where Article 231 of The Criminal Code remains under the title “Offenses against Sexual Morality.” This research seeks not only to build on existing work in this field but also to shift emphasis to sexual autonomy and its relation to the legal framework. Therefore, the shifting boundaries of the principle of legal goods in Germany will be a significant point for this research.