運動相對能量不足之評估方式與盛行率

Assessment methods and prevalence of relative energy deficiency in sport

本綜論彙整運動相對能量不足（RED-S）的評估方式與不同運動項目及男、女性運動員之REDS盛行率，以探討運動員RED-S的現況。經文獻回顧後發現：計算能量可用率（EA）是RED-S評估的直接方式，而女性低能量可用率問卷（LEAF-Q）或修正的男性低能量可用率問卷（LEAM-Q）則是最常用的替代評估方式。目前RED-S盛行率的研究多以體重敏感性運動中之重力型及美感型運動選手為對象，當以EA低於每公斤除脂體重30大卡作為評估標準，約22%-54%的體重敏感性運動員有RED-S，而男、女性運動員之盛行率分別為25%-47%及22%-67%；若以LEAF-Q/LEAMQ作為評估方式，體重敏感性運動員RED-S盛行率約為42%-65%，其中女性運動員之盛行率約為23%-79.5%，且高於同運動項目中男性運動員。此外，有部分研究嘗試以血液生化值作為RED-S評估的替代指標，結果顯示低EA者有較低的生殖荷爾蒙（睪固酮及雌二醇），但其他生化指標與EA及問卷之評估結果並不一致。

This brief review discussed the current situation of relative energy deficiency in sports (REDS) in athletes by summarizing the assessment methods and prevalence of athletes in different sports as well as male and female athletes. Literatures presented that estimating of energy availability (EA) is the direct method to assess RED-S, and the low energy availability in females questionnaire (LEAF-Q) or the modified low energy availability in males questionnaire (LEAM-Q) is the most used surrogate assessment method. Most of current studies discussing prevalence of RED-S focused on athletes who participate in weight-sensitive sports, such as gravitational and aesthetic sports. Based on the direct indicator of EA < 30 kcal/kg fat-free mass, approximately 22%-54% of weight-sensitive athletes were classified at risk of RED-S. The prevalence of RED-S in male and female athletes were 25%-47% and 22%-67%, respectively. Based on the surrogate indicator of LEAF-Q/LEAM-Q, approximately 42%-65% of weight-sensitive athletes were classified at risk of RED-S. The prevalence of RED-S in female athletes was 23%-79.5%, which was higher than that of male athletes in the same sport. Moreover, some research attempted to use biomarkers as the surrogate markers of RED-S. The results indicated that athletes with low EA had lower reproductive hormone of testosterone or estradiol levels, whereas other biomarkers revealed inconsistent result as compared to EA or questionnaires.