船舶污染環境損害賠償範圍的不足與反思──兼論完全賠償之可能

Reflection on the Inadequate Compensation for Environmental Damage Caused by Ship Pollution - The Possibility of Full Compensation

在我國海洋環境損害賠償制度中，船舶污染環境損害較一般海洋環境損害來說賠償範圍有所限制。這在當前我國生態環境損害賠償普遍追求完全賠償的情形下，具有極大的特殊性。由於受到國際公約的影響，我國國內關於船舶污染環境損害賠償範圍的規定與公約內容基本一致。公約對船舶污染環境損害限制賠償主要是出於維護國際賠償機制、保護航運業發展的考量。但我國已經建立起一套單獨的國內賠償機制，同時，國際法中可持續發展理念的興起、國內生態文明建設的推進要求重新平衡經濟發展與環境保護之間的關係，這都需要重新審視國內法中部分賠償的合理性。此外，我國作為相關公約的締約國雖然有義務對公約規定予以遵守，但公約並未否認在公約中不能獲償的部分環境損害在國內法中的索賠，這也為通過國內法解决船舶污染環境損害賠償問題提供了較大的空間。

At present, in the marine environmental damage compensation system of China, the scope of compensation for marine pollution caused by ships is more limited than that of the general marine environmental damage. This is extremely special in the current situation of compensation for ecological and environmental damage in China. Regarding the scope of compensation for environmental pollution caused by ships, due to the influence of international conventions, the provisions of Chinese domestic laws are basically consistent with the content of the conventions. The conventions' limitation on compensation for environmental damage caused by ship pollution is mainly based on considerations of maintaining international compensation mechanisms and protecting the development of the shipping industry. However, China has established a separate compensation mechanism. The rising of sustainable development in international law also requires rebalancing the relationship between economic development and environmental protection, which requires a reexamination of the rationality of limiting the scope of compensation in domestic law. Furthermore, although China, as a party to the relevant conventions, is obliged to comply with the provisions of the conventions, the conventions do not in fact deny that the part of the environmental losses that cannot be paid under the conventions can be claimed in domestic laws, which also provides a large space to solve the problem of compensation for environmental pollution caused by ships through domestic law.