董仲舒春秋公羊學的天道觀與禮思想

On Dong Zhongshu’s Thinking of Tian-dao of Chunqiu Gongyang and Ritual Thought

漢代歷史記載顯示董仲舒以春勈公羊學聞名於世。學術史傳統公羊學乃史學兼經學，而以董仲舒之為儒者身份，其儒學思想與公羊學的交融有二路向可察見。一是公羊傳以天觀念解釋春勈經，實有以天命解經文，故董氏公羊學的思想脈絡分別表現在歷史敘事蘊含政治實踐的指引，以及人事活動與宇宙現象的價值聯繫。董氏公羊學所涵儒學之第二路向則見於禮思想，此思想脈絡一方面是建立生命實踐與政治人格的結合，另一方面則是在以禮觀念評述歷史事件，彰顯政治文化的傳承。董氏公羊學之天道觀與禮思想亦有理論關係，一是天的形上義與禮的客觀性可經由生命實踐連結，二是天的秩序義與禮的規範性可在政治實踐中關連，三是天的內涵可在禮的道德實踐中體現。經由天觀念、禮思想及二者關係結構之析論，本文結論董仲舒的春勈公羊學為儒學天道觀念與禮的意義開展出未來面貌。

The historical documents of the Han Dynasty show that Dong Zhongshu is well-known in the Studies of Chunqiu Gongyang （春勈公羊傳）. The traditional Gongyang study of academic history is a combination of Historiography and classical study. With Dong Zhongshu’s identity as a Confucian, the integration of Confucianism and Gongyang study can be seen in two ways. The first is that Gongyang uses the concept of heaven to explain the Chunqiu Scriptures, and actually uses the destiny of heaven to interpret the scriptures. Therefore, the thought context of Dong's Gongyang studies is shown in the historical narrative containing the guidance of political practice and the value connection between personnel activities and cosmic phenomena. The second direction of Confucianism in Dong's Gongyang study is found in the thought of ritual. On the one hand, this thought line is to establish a combination of life practice and political personality, and on the other hand, it is to comment on historical events with the concept of ritual, showing the inheritance of political culture. Dong’s Gongyang view of heaven and rituals also has a theoretical relationship. One is that the metaphysical meaning of heaven and the objectivity of rituals can be connected through life practice; the other is that the orderly meaning of heaven and the normativeness of rituals can be used in political practice. Related, the connotation of the third is heaven can be embodied in the moral practice of rituals. Through the analysis of the concept of heaven, ritual and the relationship between the two, this article concludes that Dong Zhongshu’s Chunqiu Gongyang study has developed a future outlook for the Confucian concept of heaven and ritual.