容格(Carl Gustav Jung， 1857-1961)之人格心理學說要點

容格〈Carl Gustav Jung， 1857-1961〉是瑞士人，出身於篤信宗教的家庭〈父親本身及母親的先代都是傳教士〉。幼年即對生物、動物、以及古生物的學習極有興趣，奠定了後來習醫的基礎；又在學習中受到希臘和法國哲學家思想的影響，加上弗若伊德心理分析學說的出現，使容格將神秘主義的成分融入於自然科學和人文科學之中，而致力於心理病學的研究與闡釋。初時曾參加弗若伊德心理分析討論會，因感到弗氏的論點仍然有欠完滿之處，於是退出討論會，以獨自的見解講學於歐洲國家及美國，建立了其獨樹一幟的分析心理學〈Analytical Psychology〉。以討論人格結構、人格發展、即心理病癥為主。

Carl Gustav Jung has advocated his personality theory called Analytical Psychology. In his point of view， the main part of the structure of personality is the unconscious system， which includes social and cultural traditions of human beings traced back to the very beginning of human ancestors. Yet this part of human experiences have long been lost. Without this part， the “Self” is hardly integrated.According to Jung’s view， the unconscious system consists of personal unconscious and collective unconscious while the latter is the most important. The collective unconscious， as having existed since the beginning of man， is seen as man’s archetypes. In the structure of personality， Jung named them as the Persona， the Anima and the Animus， and the Shadow. They are forms， images， and fairytales. Only this kind of unconscious and personal unconscious come to the conscious level that may a person have an integrated “Self”.Jung’s view of the unconscious may be explained in two major aspects. First， every person is conscious about a part of himself. Yet this part of the self is rather shallow， temporal， and framental. With this part only in consciousness， one may feel， sometimes， like something in missing. The missing part is the collective unconscious. As human beings tend to seek perfection， each of them tends to find the whole self. Secondly， the collective unconscious， the important part of the self， has the very beginning of man in it， it is man root， i.e.， the origin of man. Without the origin or toot， no one can have a sense of perfection. Consequently he lives partially in darkness of self-confused. At this point， Jung’s conception of personality reveal Chinese philosophy and Buddhism. However， it may help a person to get a thorough self-understanding.