旅行、身體與空間：徐霞客〈滇遊日記〉的觀看視域與敘寫模式

Travel and Body Phenomenology in Space: On the Perspective Horizon and Narratives in Xu Xiake’s“Travel Diary of Yunnan Tour”

《徐霞客遊記》在晚明散文類型中，無論置於山水小品、性靈小品或地誌、方志，乃至輿地遊記書寫之列，皆卓爾不群，自有其高蹈地位。歷來論者或由其地理學之貢獻入手，或由文學記敘之可觀著眼；勘地貌，溯水文，兼及人文、經濟、民族誌等領域，遂成一龐大研究社群，文獻系統涵括自然／人文、科學／美學範疇，直可媲美紅學、酈學。旅行是身體在空間的移動，而身體乃具有知情意的整體，當身體遠離家鄉、移動至異域，必然產生共鳴、驚奇、差異、調整、認同與批判。本文擬以「文化地理學」與「身體現象學」雙重觀點，重新審視徐霞客（1587–1641）在生命最後四年西南行腳的滇遊記述；特別是他在身體移動中的「感覺體驗」、「自我與他者」的觀看維度、「以物觀物」之模山範水，以及文本中特出而迥異於水平軸的同時代前後作家及縱貫軸之歷代記遊書寫的敘寫模式。藉此，試圖追索探究徐霞客在人文地景空間書寫上的貢獻，並以之做為後繼者之旅遊寫作可資參考的典範。

Xu Xiake’s Travels was a distinguished work among the genres of prose in the late Ming dynasty, no matter whether it was discussed from the viewpoints of landscape essays, lyrical essays, geographical records, local records, or even traveling notes of the land. In the past, researchers mostly embark on their studies from the perspectives of geography or literary narrative. In particular, the research were from manifold fields such as geomorphology, hydrology, humanities, economics, ethnography and so forth, thus forming a huge research community. Travel concerns body movement in space. When away from home to a foreign land, one’s body will inevitably resonate, surprise, differ, adjust, identify or even critique the unfamiliar surroundings. Hence, this paper attempts to re-examine Xu Xiake’s (1587-1641) travelogue, recorded in “Travel Diary of Yunnan Tour”, in his remaining four years in the Yunnan area from the perspectives of cultural geography and phenomenology of body. In particular, the study focuses on his feelings and experiences in the movement of body, the viewing dimension between the self and the other, and the phenomenological description of the landscape from the vision of things. This article argues that Xu’s travelogue is written in a manner rather different from his contemporary writers and the travelogue narratives in history. Consequetly, this paper attempts to trace and explore Xu’s contribution to the writing of human landscape.