環境正義與勞工權益競合：高雄石化環境爭議下的紅綠關係

The Coopetition of Environmental Justice and Labor Rights: Red-Green Relations in the Petrochemical Environmental Disputes in Kaohsiung City

本文從晚近高雄一連串石化環境爭議切入，探討環境運動（綠）與工會運動（紅）的關係樣態與變化，進而指出基於產業縮編、環境污染及工安與健康、產業轉型等議題訴求的差異，紅綠之間可以區辨出三種類型的關係：零和關係、同理關係，以及競合關係。掌握這些關係，我們才有可能比較準確地解釋在高雄地區紅綠雙方發生衝突或合作的成因。高雄經驗顯示，紅綠運動的行動者能動性、組織構成與外在於運動的結構條件等三個因素交互地影響紅綠關係。首先，紅綠運動組織內的積極行動者是否能夠發展出較為廣闊的運動視野，攸關彼此是否能產生對話與合作；其次，運動組織的構成形態，例如工會組織形態、是否存在跨運動的行動者網絡與中介者居中橋接，都與紅綠能否發展合作有關；最後，若干外在運動的結構條件，例如高雄氣爆事故，或者從反兩岸服貿運動到後太陽花的政治改革時刻，都曾提供紅綠合作的契機。面臨資本與環境及社會的矛盾擴大、氣候危機加劇等壓力，專業環境組織為了擴大倡議的社會基礎已從過往直接與工會衝突的立場，轉向倡議綜合環境與勞動權的「公正轉型」。然而，高雄的工會運動對於公正轉型仍相當陌生，前述壓力是否促使工會運動產生變化，促成紅綠雙方更積極的對話與合作仍有待觀察。

This research examines the relations between environmental movement organisations (green) and trade unions (red) in recent petrochemical environmental disputes in Kaohsiung. The author found that issues such as petrochemical industry downsizing, pollution and occupational health, and industrial transition may influence interactions and relations between the green and the red, which are marked by three kinds of relations: zero-sum relation, mutual-empathy relation, and cooperative/competitive relation. By identifying these three relations, we may be able to properly understand the conflicts and cooperation between the two camps. The experiences of petrochemical environmental disputes in Kaohsiung have shown that three factors significantly influence the development of red-green interactions: (1) the vision and capacity of the movement activists; (2) the configuration of the movement and its organizations including the existence of movement networks and bridge brokers; and (3) the external structural elements that condition the activists and the organizations, such as the tension brought by capital accumulation and environmental degradation or the historically critical moment of democratization and social transformation such as the Kaohsiung Gas Explosion and Sunflower Movement. In order to react to the pressure brought by the climate change crisis and the increasing contradiction between capital and the environment and society, the professional environmental organizations tend to enlarge the social foundation of the campaign and switch their position from one of confrontation against unions to a campaign for a ‘just transition’. However, the unions in Kaohsiung are far from holding a proper understanding of what a ‘just transition’ entails. Whether the crises can move the union movement to a more positive position toward red-green cooperation or even alliance is largely reliant on the three factors mentioned in the research.