論漢語的兩個篇章連詞「否則、否然」片段篇章表述理論的解釋

ON THE TWO DISCOURSE CONNECTIVES FǑUZÉAND BÙRÁN IN MANDARIN CHINESE: AN SDRT ACCOUNT

本文論證，「否則、不然」的語意類似情態詞，且需以片段篇章表述理論才能模擬，因為，此二者與篇章結構與修辭關係有關。假設有一個篇章：﹁π1，否則/不然π2，π1、π2是子句，π2必須在﹁π1的情況下才能得到詮釋。此二篇章連詞實現下面的篇章功效：一、將﹁π11引介進入片段篇章表述結構中；二、﹁π1、π1以對比關係做連結；三、π2與﹁π1以結果關係做連結，或，1、π2以二選一這個修辭關係連結。由哪個修辭關係做連結，視句子中包含「否則」或「不然」及﹁π1與π2間是否有寬鬆的因果關係而定。另外，也討論幾個細節：（一）當π1由兩個以上的子句組成時，﹁π1是哪個子句被否定；（二）﹁π1為真的可能世界，在π2為問句或祈使用時，扮演角色為何；（三）「或者」、「但是、可是」與「否則、不然」的差異。最後則討論「否則、不然」的差別為何。

This paper argues that fǒuzé and bùrán have a modal-like semantics and furthermore that their semantics need to be modelled by means of Segmented Discourse Representation Theory, because they involve discourse structure and rhetorical relations. Given a discourse 𝝅1, fǒuzé/bùrán 𝝅2, where 𝝅1 and 𝝅2 are clauses, 𝝅2 is interpreted given ¬𝝅1. These two discourse connectives realize the following discourse effects. First, they introduce ¬𝝅1 into the discourse, represented as a Segmented Discourse Representation Structure. Second, ¬𝝅1 and 𝝅1, where the latter is present in the discourse but the former is not, show a contrastive relationship. Third, either that 𝝅2 is a result of 𝝅1 or that 𝝅1 and 𝝅2 are alternatives, depending on whether it is fǒuzé or bùrán and whether ¬𝝅1 and 𝝅2 has a (loose) causal relationship. In addition, a few more details are under discussion, e.g. which clause is negated when 𝝅1 consists of two clauses, what role the set of propositions where ¬𝝅1 is true play when 𝝅1 is a question or an imperative, how huòzhě ‘or’ on the one hand and dànshì/kěshì ‘but’ on the other differ from fǒuzé/bùrán. Finally, the differences between these two connectives are presented.