日本師資培育及教師證制度現況與展望

The Current Situation and Prospect of Teacher Education and License System in Japan

本研究透過文獻探討與分析，探討近年日本師資培育現況與師資培育政策變革的重點、日本師資培育課程與教師資格的種類、教師任用狀況，並對日本師資培育政策與提升教師素質的措施，提出結論與建議。研究的結果發現，日本師資培育政策思維走向，近年有較大幅度的改革，在提升教師素質方面，教師能力認定的實施，初任者研習制度的改善、教師養成任用方法與研習相關性的一貫化。同時，因為近年教師需求人數增加的同時，參加教師甄選考試人數逐年減少，錄取倍率逐年減低，錄取率逐年增高，但參加師資培育的學生卻有減少的趨勢。為此，放寬師資培育機構的規範條件，增加師資培育的管道，讓教師證可以更多方式可以取得，積極鼓勵社會人參與師資培育課程，增加臨時教師證的制度，導入有社會經驗的管理者參與學校的經營管理，讓更多的學生和社會人士可以加入教師的行列，改善教師職場環境和待遇等，具體的擬定師資培育與進修政策的變革來提高現有教師與未來師資素質水準的提升。

Through literature review and analyses, this study clarified the current situation of teacher education in Japan and the key points of the teacher education policy reform, the types of teacher education course, teachers' qualifications, and the employment of teachers. It proposed a conclusion and suggestions for teacher education policies and measures to enhance teacher quality in Japan. According to the research findings, in Japan, the direction of teacher education policies has significantly evolved in recent years. Reinforcement of teacher quality includes the following: teachers should participate in the certification workshop; the practice of teachers' examinations, improvement of new teachers' study system, and the consistency between teacher education methods and studies. In addition, in recent years, the demand for the number of teachers increases while those who participate in teacher examinations reduce year by year. The admission rate reduces year by year, whereas the acceptance rate increases. Nevertheless, the number of students participating in teacher education is reducing. Thus, it is suggested to loosen the regulations of teacher education institutions, increase the channels of teacher education, increase the acquisition channels of teacher's certificates, actively encourage people who are not new graduates to participate in the courses of teacher education, implement the provisional teacher's certificate system, introduce managers with social experience to join in the operation and management of schools, allow more students and people who are not new graduates to be teachers, and improve teachers' workplace and salaries. Specific planning of teacher education and the reform of advanced study policy will also upgrade the quality of the current and future teachers.