邁向全人復元──以建構全人之架構與內涵來反思與突破藥癮者全人復元之困境

Towards Whole-Person Recovery-Constructing the Framework and Implication of Whole-Person to Reflect and Resolve the Difficulty of Drug Abusers’Whole- Person Recovery

本研究目的是以「人本主義」為觀點，試圖對「全人」建構探索性的架構與內涵，來反思與突破藥癮者全人復元的困境，並倡議需要有更多相關學者、專家與實務工作者能針對「全人」與藥癮者「全人復元」的內涵，進行討論並達成共識。研究方法乃以本文所提出的全人架構來對美國物質濫用與心理健康服務局（SAMHSA）與美國藥物濫用研究所（NIDA）對藥癮者「復元」（recovery）所提出的定義與指導原則，進行文本分析與反思。於研究結果部分，本文發現雖然SAMHSA與NIDA所提出的復元定義是以身心靈社的全人復元為基礎，但在指導原則上卻是過於重視個人生理、心理的復元與社會復歸，而忽略人性與精神／靈性的復元，使藥癮者在復元的過程中，難往最終的全人復元邁進；並主張這樣的結果可能是因相關研究對於「全人／人」的內涵不清，以及過於重視實證主義而導致。總結而言，對藥癮者提供復元服務的機構與成癮防制計畫在設定工作目標與策略時，除了身心社的復元外，應包含復元「以生而為人的生命意義」為基礎的人性與精神／靈性，才可能實現全人復元的終極目標。以及本研究所提出的全人的架構、內涵與邁向「做人實現的需求」的理論模型可以為建置支持藥癮者復元的多元化社會網絡，提供整合性的理論基礎與工作目標。

This study aims to construct a tentative framework and implications of whole-person with the perspective of humanism to reflect on and resolve the difficulty of drug abusers’wholeperson recovery. It also encourages an initiative in which more scholars, experts and practitioners should discuss the implications of whole-person and whole-person recovery for drug abusers and reach a consensus. Using the author’s wholeperson framework and implications, the paper analyses and reflects on the definitions and guiding principles of recovery proposed by the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) and the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA). Results show that although the definitions of recovery proposed by SAMHSA and NIDA are based on wholeperson recovery, their guiding principles put great emphasis on the recovery from body, mind and social rehabilitation while ignoring recovery from humanity and spirit. That poses drug abusers a challenge to actualise the ultimate purpose of wholeperson recovery in their recovery process. Moreover, the paper argues that the unclear implication for whole-person and related research stuck in the trap of positivism may be the reason. In conclusion, besides recovery from body, mind and society, recovery service providers and addiction prevention programs should include recovery from humanity and spirit based on life meaning when enacting services goals and strategies; only if doing so helps drug abusers actualise the ultimate purpose of whole-person recovery. Furthermore, this study’s whole-person framework and implications and the theoretical model of steps toward Human becomings-actualisation needs could provide an integrated theoretical groundwork and work goals for establishing multiple social networks supporting drug abusers’recovery.