清代重慶城的「坊」與城市管理

Urban Administration and City Areas in Qing Chongqing

本文透過城市治理的角度，嘗試藉由清代四川重慶府巴縣縣城「重慶城」與「坊」的分區方式為例，探究官方對於城市進行分區的動機與功能。由於這些坊的實際範圍與分界目前尚無研究，因此本文藉由「清代四川巴縣衙門檔案」與歷代《巴縣志》，收集重慶城內有助於定位各坊方位的地理資訊，再搭配「新測重慶城全圖」、「增廣重慶地輿全圖」、「渝城圖」等清末與民國的地圖，結合已知的街道與地標，考證出對應的坊名，具體呈現清代重慶城內各坊的分區。本文認為清代重慶城分布著多種官方與非官方的分區方式，由於重慶城人口流動快速，坊的劃分有助於配置坊捕以防治犯罪與緝捕犯人，按現地實況設置的柵欄也能管制夜間人員進出。但坊的分區方式並非民眾慣用，反而是以大樑子為界的上、下半城直至近代仍為重慶城居民所使用。「黨」則是以坊為基礎的鄉約組織，本文也透過對於坊的考證，推翻既有研究認為以城門方位區分「朝天黨」、「儲奇黨」的方式，而是截然地將重慶城分為平整的上下兩區。而重慶城受限於城牆的限制，使得城市空間發展陷於停頓，直至民國時期拆除城牆之後才產生城市中心轉移的變化，影響城市分區與治理。

State administration in Qing China built subcounty systems in the countryside, such as 里甲or 保甲, but which systems did it build in cities? This article discusses 坊in Qing Chongqing using geographic information collected from local gazetteers, maps, and the Archive Ba through an urban administration perspective. There were several types of administrative systems in Qing Chongqing. Twenty nine 坊were used for policing purposes; fences were used for policing but were delineated flexibly, due to population flows and crime. However, official 黨and unofficial ‘upper and lower city’ divisions both cut Chongqing city in half but in different ways: 黨was based on 坊, and the upper and lower city based on the mountain 大樑子. The upper and lower city were more famous than 坊and 黨. Even in modern Chongqing city, there is no 坊 and 黨; the upper and lower city divisions are still used.