支謙譯《佛說維摩詰經》呼語語序及其標點

Constituent Order of Vocative Expression and Its Punctuation in Vimalakīrtinirdeśa Sūtra of Zhi Qian's Translation Version

呼語語序是梵、漢兩種語言顯著差異之一：梵語允許呼語位於句中，而漢語不允許。早期的譯者多採逐語仿譯原文語句，致使漢譯佛典經文經常出現呼語位在句中的現象，吳．支謙譯《佛說維摩詰經》亦是如此。呼語位於譯文句中現象，致使今人用新式標點符號施加標點不易，且施加方式不一，乃至偶有標點錯誤的情形。然而為古籍施加標點的根本目的是為了幫助讀者把握文義。因此本文以支謙譯《佛說維摩詰經》為例，封閉式整理歸納呼語在線性語序上可能出現的所有位置，並根據呼語所在不同位置提出相應的施加標點方式，期望能提供後來者為漢譯佛典標點時的參考依據。《佛說維摩詰經》中呼語在句中的位置可歸納為：主語之前、主謂之間和謂語動詞之後。標點方面，上述三者皆與漢語固有語序不一致，皆可運用「—稱謂詞！—」註記；一致者，在呼語之後標註「！」即可。此外，本文還揭示因不察呼語位在句中而發生的標點錯誤的情形，並在不改動字句及文字順序情況下，修正過去標點方式。

Constituent order of vocative expression is one of the significant differences between Sanskrit and Chinese: Sanskrit allows the vocative expression to be placed in the middle of a sentence, while Chinese does not. The translators in old translation standard used to literally translate the original texts (so-called calques or loan translation) into Chinese-translated Buddhist scriptures. As the result, those works in old translation standard often appeared that these vocative expressions were placed in the middle of sentences, and Vimalakīrtinirdeśa sūtra by Zhi Qian in Eastern Wu of the Three-kingdom Dynasty made no exception. This situation made it not easy to add new punctuation marks for those works, and adding ways varied, and even punctuation errors occurred occasionally. However, the main purpose to punctuate ancient books was to help readers understand the text. Therefore, exemplifying Vimalakīrtinirdeśa sūtra of Zhi Qian's translation version, this article closely collates and induces of all possible positions of these vocative expressions in the linear constituent order, and according to the different positions of them in sentences, the corresponding punctuation method is proposed, then furtherly expects to provide the reference for later people to punctuate Chinese-translated Buddhist scriptures. These positions of the vocative expression in sentences in Vimalakīrtinirdeśa sūtra of Zhi Qian's translation version can be summarized as: before the subject, between the subject and the predicate, and after the predicate. As the aspect of punctuating methods, the three types mentioned above are inconsistent with the inherent constituent order of Chinese, and all of them can be punctuated by “- appellation! -”; the others which are consistent with the inherent constituent order in Chinese can be marked by “!”. In addition, the punctuating errors caused by the ignorance of the vocative expression insertion are clearly indicated, and the past punctuating methods are corrected without changing the sentences and constituent orders.