2021年行政法發展回顧

A Review of the Administrative Law in 2021

本文回顧2021年行政法重要實務見解發展立法與立法政策動態，回顧範圍包括司法院大法官所作憲法解釋、最高行政法院大法庭裁定以及各級行政法院裁判，就其中值得關注之法律議題，依行政法總論之學理架構予以呈現。 關於憲法解釋，本文介紹司法院釋字第808號一罪不二罰原則及第813號歷史建築物之徵收補償問題；最高行政法院二則大法庭裁定分別涉及法律要求行政機關限期命人民返還公法上不當得利是否屬於公法上請求權時效之特別規定，以及組織程序規定應如何適用法律不溯及既往原則等議題。 在各級行政法院裁判中，本文將介紹幾則特別著墨於基本權保障及國際人權法論述之判決，呈現個案中法院如何權衡人權保障與其他公共利益之輕重。本文也從新冠肺炎防疫措施相關之行政法院判決中歸納出幾則行政法議題，藉此指出我國防疫法制上不足與未確切遵守行政程序法之處。 在立法修法方面，本文簡評行政執行法與國家賠償法修正草案內容，並簡介2021年行政訴訟法之修正意旨，附帶說明民事法院與行政法院之間關於精神衛生法強制住院事件審判權歸屬之爭議及其解決。

This article looks into the current development of case law, acts amendments and amendment drafts in field of the administrative law in 2021. Regarding the case law, constitutional interpretations announced by the Grand Justice, decisions of Joint Senat of the Supreme Administrative Court and all instances of administrative courts are included. The relevant issues will be presented under the framework of the general theory of the administrative law. Among the 14 constitutional interpretations in 2021, the Grand Justices dealt with the protection against double jeopardy in case of penalties concurrence of the criminal law and the Social Order Maintenance Act in No. 808, and the issues of expropriation compensation for land owners in case of designation of historic buildings in No. 813. The Supreme Administrative Court declared in its two decisions how to classify regulations which obligates public authorities to claim unjust enrichment in public law against citizens within a shorter period as a special norm of extinctive prescription, and how to apply the non-retroactive principle to the regulations of administrative procedure and organization. In regard to administrative courts decisions, this article will introduce cases especially with constitutional argument or international human rights issues. It aims to present how the courts balance the public interests and human rights protection for individual. Furthermore, the legal issues in the decision of administrative courts relating to COVID-19 quarantine measures and vaccine management will be reviewed and discussed in this article. It can conclude an insufficiency in the current legal systems of COVID-19 control and also violation of the Administrative Procedure Act in the administrative practice. In consideration of the last development of legislations in field of the administrative law, this article will briefly comment the amendment drafts of the Administrative Executive Act and the State Compensation Act. It will also introduce the amended regulations of jurisdiction in the Administrative Litigation Act in 2021. In this context the conflict and resolution of jurisdiction between civil and administrative courts regarding to mandatory hospitalization of the Mental Health Act will be mentioned.