兒童及少年委託安置法制的合憲性初探

An Exploratory Study on the Constitutionality of Child Care by Contract between parents and the government

兒童及少年的成長過程，需要父母的保護教養。但是父母因為某些原因，無法親自保護教養，或其保護教養的行為出現問題而妨礙兒少的身心發展時，國家為保障兒少的利益，必須介入安置，代為提供保護教養的資源。國家的安置，在我國法制上有兩種可能性，一種是兒少權益受到危害時，國家違反父母意願下的強制介入；另一種是家庭發生重大變故與兒少有無法管教的偏差行為時，父母與國家在合意的基礎上，由父母委託國家安置兒少。本文將針對在第二種立法模式，探討國家立法容許父母委託安置的憲法界限。父母的親權若為憲法保障的基本權利，因其權利的特性，各種涉及兒少成長發展條件的細項仍必須透過法律建構。立法者就此享有形成自由，但得否授予父母將未成年子女帶離家庭而交由第三人教養的選擇權？本文會說明立法形成的界限何在，並用以指出基於兒少偏差行為的委託安置，業已超出國家立法形成親權權利內涵的界限。此外，檢驗委託安置的合憲性，必須兼從兒少基本權利保障的角度切入，否則兒少將淪為純粹的受保護客體。本文認為，委託安置會造成兒少家庭成長權和人身自由的限制，其中基於兒少偏差行為事由所為者，過度限制未成年子女的基本權利，違反比例原則；基於家庭重大變故所為者，則必須由法律直接規定具體事由，才能符合法律保留原則。

For the full and harmonious development of personality, children should grow up in a family environment. However, wenn parents are unable to keep a family functioning, especially bearing and rearing children, the public power must intervent according to the guarantee of basical rights, including parental rights and duties and childrens right to family life. For thie intervention of the public power there are various options. As utima ration is the child-care system, because children sind separated from their own familes. According to The Protection of Children and Youths Welfare and Rights Act ist application of the child care not only based on decisions of the government, but also by contracts between parents and the government. For this possibility legislative discretion should not be avoided just because it is not against parent’s will. Based on the relevant theory developed by constitutional interpretation, the thesis is intended to analyzes the boundaries of child care by contracts.