《左傳》訓解商兌三則

The Explanations & Discussions to Three Classical References in Zuo Zhuan

本文論《左傳》文公元年「君子以為古，古者，越國而謀」，昭公六年「制參辟」，哀公二十七年「設乘車兩馬，繫五邑焉」等三處訓解，經分析仍以杜預《春秋經傳集解》與孔穎達《春秋正義》之見為確。第一則「以為古」，二氏之書謂「合古之道」，釋二「古」字皆古代之意。第二則「制參辟」之「參辟」係傳文所載三代舊刑，他解皆誤。「制」非「制訂」而是「裁量」，「制參辟」當如孔氏之書所言，「用三代之末法，非謂子產所作。」第三則之「繫」，服虔與杜氏之書釋「繫」為「加」。唯先秦典籍未見「繫」有「加」義，當訓「接續」為確。全句之意為先予「乘車兩馬」，爾後「接續」再賜「五邑」。二氏之書仍有可取處，學者宜平心考論，不應一味取新而疑故。

This article discusses three classical references with new understandings in Zuo Zhuan. They are “Jūn zǐ yǐ wéi gǔ, gǔ zhě, yuè guó ér móu.” in B.C. 626; “Zhì Cān Pì” in B.C. 536; “Shè chéng chē liǎng mǎ, xì wǔ yì yān.” in B.C. 468. After analyzing, the explanations of Dù Yù’s “Chūn Qiū Jīng Zhuàn Jí Jiě” and Kǒng Yǐng-dá’s “Zuǒ Zhuán Zhèng Yì” are so clear to verify the meanings for those three classical references. The first, “yǐ wéi gǔ” and “hé gǔ zhī dào”, both of them explained the word “gǔ” as the meaning of in ancient times. The second, “Zhì Cān Pì”, the noun “Cān Pì” in classics was a kind of old punishment from Xià dynasty to Zhōu dynasty. Other explanations in classics were all wrong. The word “Zhì” does not mean to make a law but to judge by law. Therefore, “Zhì Cān Pì” should be like Kǒng Yǐng-dá’s saying “Yòng sān dài zhī mò fǎ, fēi wèi Zǐ-chǎn suǒ zuò.” The third, the word “xì”, both Fú Qián & Dù Yù explained “xì” as the word “jiā.” However, there were no evidence could prove this explanation of the words “xì” got the meaning of the word “jiā” in pre-Qín classics. Thus, it should be interpreted as the adverb “next.” The meaning of the whole sentence is to award “a carriage with two horses” first, and to award “five cities” next. There are still merits in both Dù Yù & Kǒng Yǐng-dá’s book. Scholars should study them calmly, and should not blindly take new things but doubt the old.