延平郡王祠「忠肝義膽」牌坊石材來源之考證

Source of the Stone of Zhonggan Yidan Memorial Arch in the Koxinga Shrine

「忠肝義膽」石牌坊是臺南市登錄歷史建築延平郡王祠的歷史建築本體之一，係於1947年時，由當時國防部長白崇禧捐款建造。因石牌坊的造型與日本神社鳥居相近，而延平郡王祠在日治時期曾被稱為開山神社，並曾在神社建造鳥居。因此，過去嘗認為石牌坊是由開山神社鳥居改造而成。但近年透過口述訪談，獲得石牌坊係由臺南神社鳥居改造而成的說法。為驗證口述報導的信實度，本研究乃先透過歷史文獻回顧，盤點開山、臺南兩神社之鳥居數量、用材與形式，使之與石牌坊的實測尺寸、以及構件上的構造痕跡相互比對，藉以討論牌坊所用石材的真正來源。根據研究，可知日治時期在開山、臺南兩座神社各僅有一座石造鳥居，但前者的各部用材尺寸均小於「忠肝義膽」石牌坊的用材，可得證石牌坊用材，不可能來自開山神社的原有石鳥居。一方面，開山神社鳥居造型為「明神鳥居」、臺南神社則為「神明鳥居」。由「忠肝義膽」石牌坊立柱上的原有榫口痕跡，可判斷該立柱是由「神明鳥居」原有構件改修而來。根據以上證據，可對應既有口述說明石牌坊的石材就是來自原臺南神社石鳥居之說法，推測應該來自原位於臺南神社外苑的那座石鳥居。

The Zhonggan Yidan (meaning ＂unquestionable loyalty and righteousness＂) Memorial Arch (hereinafter referred to as the ＂Memorial Arch＂), made of stone, is part of the main historic building of the Koxinga Shrine and a designated historical landmark in Tainan City, Taiwan. The stone arch was constructed in 1947, financed by donation from the then Minister of Defense Bai Chongxi. The style of the Memorial Arch resembles that of a torii (traditional gate) in a Japanese shrine, and the Koxinga Shrine used to be called the Kaishan Shinto Shrine during the Japanese colonial period, during which a torii was erected. Scholars originally believed that this torii was eventually transformed into the Memorial Arch. However, on the basis of relevant oral interviews conducted in recent years, some have argued that the Memorial Arch was originally a torii at the Tainan Shinto Shrine. In this study, to verify the reliability of these oral reports, the numbers, materials, and forms of the torii at the Kaishan and Tainan Shinto Shrine were examined through a literature review. The actual source of the stone used in the Memorial Arch was investigated through a comparison of the dimensions and tectonic traces on the structural components of the aforementioned torii. According to the findings of the present study, the Kaishan and Tainan Shinto Shrines were each home to only one stone torii during the Japanese colonial period, but the size and the materials used in the components of the torii at the Kaishan Shinto Shrine were inferior to those of the torii at the Memorial Arch, which conflicts with the argument that the stone torii at the Kaishan Shinto Shrine was the source of the stone used to construct the Memorial Arch. Moreover, the style of the torii at the Kaishan Shinto Shrine was similar to that of a Myojin-type torii, and that of the torii at the Tainan Shinto Shrine was similar to that of a Shinmei-type torii. According to the traces of old tenons on the pillars of the Memorial Arch, the pillars were modified from the original components of a Shinmei-type torii. This evidence is consistent with the oral accounts indicating that the stone used to construct the Memorial Arch came from the stone torii at the Tainan Shinto Shrine, which was originally located in the gaien of the shrine.