論海洋噪音污染之國際規範與國家實踐──以離岸風電開發為例

The Study of the International Laws and State Practices on Marine Noise Pollution—Focusing on the Offshore Wind Energy Development

海洋噪音污染對於海洋生物及環境造成之危害已獲得科學證實，而我國近年來全力發展離岸風電，使得風場建置造成之海洋噪音污染受到各界高度矚目。本文首先研析有關海洋噪音防治之國際規範，包括海洋法公約、國際海事組織(IMO)所屬公約、國際環境保護公約等條約有關海洋噪音污染之規定，再分析可能具習慣國際法地位之國際環境保護原則對於海洋噪音污染之可適用性。此外，聯合國、IMO 及動物保護公約之委員會等國際組織長期以來對於海洋噪音污染作出諸多決議、報告並通過標準與指引。此等軟法文件雖不具有強制拘束力，但對於國際規範之形成具有重要價值，亦為國家實踐之重要參考。本文並研析歐盟指令及美國聯邦法律有關海洋噪音之規範，並討論英國、德國、美國有關海洋噪音量測指引，藉由綜整上述國家實踐，作為我國之借鏡。最後研析我國海洋污染防治法、野生動物保育法等法律適用於海洋噪音污染防治之可能性，並提出修法建議，盼能藉由完善海洋噪音污染法制以平衡離岸風電開發與海洋環境保護。

Proven by scientists, ocean noise pollution impacts marine species and environment. In recent years, Taiwan has made efforts to develop offshore wind farms and thus attracted the public's attention to the marine noise pollution caused by such development. This study first examines treaty articles of marine pollution control under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), International Maritime Organization (IMO), and other marine species protection conventions. Furthermore, this article analyzes the applicability of principles of international environmental law with potential customary international law status to marine noise pollution. International organizations such as the United Nations, IMO, and animal protection conventions have long made many resolutions, reports, and adopted standards and guidelines on marine noise pollution. Although these soft law documents do not have legal binding forces, they are of great value to forming international norms and are also important references for state practice. As a reference to amending Taiwan law, the European Union directives, and the United States (U.S.) Federal laws related to marine pollution, including the guidelines to measure marine noise in the United Kingdom, Germany, and the U.S., are discussed. Finally, via the applicability of Taiwan's Marine Pollution Control Act and Wildlife Conservation Act, this paper proposes potential amendments to the constitution to balance marine energy development and marine environmental protection.