在職進修補貼、工資不均與經濟成長──雙成長引擎模型

ON-THE-JOB TRAINING SUBSIDY, WAGE INEQUALITY AND GROWTH IN A TWO-ENGINE GROWTH MODEL

本文建構一個包含低技術與高技術兩種型態勞工且具有雙成長引擎的內生成長模型，而低技術勞工面對工資不均存在一個內生轉換為高技術勞工的機制，據此討論政府對低技術勞工在職進修補貼的效果。在本文的模型架構下，理論結果顯示政府的在職進修補貼會提高低技術勞工的在職進修意願，進而提高低技術勞工轉換為高技術勞工的比例，而高技術勞工的勞動供給增加與低技術勞工的勞動供給減少能有效地降低工資不均，但在職進修補貼對於高技術勞工與低技術勞工兩種勞動力在部門間的分配效果並不明確，於是對經濟成長與社會福利的效果亦不確定。透過數值模擬分析我們發現，在職進修補貼率對經濟成長存在一個轉折點，當補貼比例低於轉折點前，在職進修補貼具有降低工資不均且同時能刺激經濟成長的包容性成長效果，因此存在一個使整理經濟成長率達到極大的最適補貼率。當低技術勞工透過在職進修來轉換為高技術勞工的轉換效率最差、高技術勞工與低技術勞工在資本財生產部門比較互補或高技術勞工的技術折舊率較低時，政府必須提高較高的補貼率才能讓整體經濟成長率達到極大。

This paper develops an endogenous growth model with two engines, R&D and capital with endogenous skill accumulation. Analytically, on-the-job training subsidies not only enhance the ratio of high-skilled to low-skilled workers, it also decreases wage inequality. The effects of on-the-job training subsidies on GDP growth, however, is ambiguous. The calibration results show that GDP growth exhibits an inverted U-shaped relationship with on-the-job training subsidies. That is, an increase in on-the-job training subsidies boosts overall growth and reduce wage inequality, provided that the status quo on-the-job training subsidies are moderate. Moreover, there exists a growth-maximizing subsidy rate, which decreases with the efficiency of skill accumulation, with the substitution elasticity between high-skilled and low-skilled workers in the capital-good sector, and with the depreciation rate of existing skills.