日治時期臺灣水利事業的形成與規劃

The Formation and Planning of the Taiwanese Enterprise Project of Water Works under Japanese Colonial Rule

明治41年(1908)3月3日〈台灣事業公債法修正案〉通過帝國議會的審議程序，水利事業計畫列入「台灣事業」的第六項會計科目，其後以「〈台灣事業公債法〉六水利事業」的名稱，成為台灣水利事業的代表辭彙。存續期間自明治41年(1908)施行美濃獅子頭水利事業，直到最終一項未完成的大甲溪水利事業計畫。而與水利事業相關的埤圳工程、河川調查與改修、治山、治水、防砂工程等等項目，其經費俱由其募集金、剩餘金補助。1930年代後，剩餘金更逐年回饋給日本政府，協助填補一般會計的財務缺口。昭和8年(1933)由於米價低落，影響日本本土的農民收入與競爭力，因此中央政府一度曾考慮中止朝鮮增產計畫與台灣水利事業計畫。然而，在不增募新公債募集金的狀況之下，由剩餘金和孳息收益補助，對於水利事業的運作而言，並未產生太大影響。據此可以得知，在日本與殖民地之間，存在著以運用生產力配置和貿易結構為主，施行經濟分工的總合經濟體制，這是1920至30年代台灣的水利事業計畫在各殖民地之間，顯得如此突出的結構性因素。台灣水利事業在初創時即設定執行期間為三期，然而決策者祝辰巳、長尾半平，對於二、三期計畫，也僅僅存在模糊的、隱隱約約的構想。直到大正3年(1914)後繪出九大河川河性圖後，其概念才逐漸清晰。按此「昭和水利事業計畫」用語出現於戰後初期，實質上僅為一個形容詞語，並非真實存在的執行計畫。第二期計畫因經費原故，轉以治水、河川、造林、調查、防砂為主體，直到昭和13年(1938)八田與一又再提出第三期計畫，其規模比嘉南大圳、日月潭更加宏偉的水利事業計畫案。然而由於昭和20年(1945)8月中旬終戰時刻來臨，隨著台灣總督府的終結，台灣水利事業計畫也嘎然停止。

On March 3, 1908, the“Amendment to the Taiwanese Enterprise Government Bond Act”went through its the deliberation procedure by the Imperial Parliament, and the project of water works was listed in the sixth account of the“Taiwanese Enterprise.”Later, the“Taiwanese Enterprise Government Bond Act, VI. Water Works Enterprise”turned into a term that represents Taiwanese water works. During the period of its existence, the Mino Shīzitóu water works enterprise was implemented in 1908, and the last one was the unfinished Dajiaxi project of water works enterprise. As for engineering related to water works projects, such as ponds and irrigation engineering, river investigations and renovations, afforestation, water control, erosion control engineering, etc., the expenses were all subsidized by the raised funds and surplus expenses. After the 1930s, the surplus expense was returned to the Japanese government year by year to help with filling the financial gap of general accounting. In 1933, due to the low price of rice, which affected the income and competitiveness of Japanese farmers, the central government once considered suspending both the project for increasing Chosen production and Taiwanese water works projects. However, under the condition of not raising funds for new government bonds, the subsidy from surplus expenses and the income from the interest did not have much impact on the operation of water works projects. Based on the above circumstances, it can be seen that between Japan and the colonies, there existed a macroeconomic system that focused on the use of productivity allocation, trade structure, and the implement of economic division of labor. This is the reason why Taiwanese water works project stood out from the colonies from the years of the 1920s to the 1930s. In its initial phase, Taiwanese water works enterprise divided the implementation period into three phases. However, the decision-makers Tatsumi Iwai and Hanpei Nagao had only vague ideas about the second and the third phase. It wasn’t until the river characteristics of the nine major rivers were drawn in 1914, the concept gradually became clear. According to the concept, the term“Showa Water Works Project”which appeared in the early postwar period was virtually an adjective, not a really existent implementation project. Due to the reasons of expenses, the second phase of the project focused on the main subjects of water control, rivers, afforestation, investigation, and sand control. In 1938, Yoichi Hatta proposed the project of the third phase, which was more ambitious than Chianan Irrigation and Sun Moon Lake. However, due to the coming of the end of the war in mid-August 1945, Taiwanese water works project was terminated along with the end of Government-General of Taiwan.