印尼民主發展中身分認同議題對華人參與政治的影響

The Impact of Identity Issues on the Development of Indonesian Democracy and Chinese Politics

多元族群的身份與信仰一直成為印尼社會融入的挑戰。由於殖民制度，自獨立以來印尼社會不斷出現族群衝突問題，加上獨立後排華政策和半套的同化政策也惡化華人與印尼其他族群的關係。印尼族群之間文化與信仰差異的衝突和印尼政治文化中以伊斯蘭為共同核心價值所造成的排華事件，對印尼社會與國家發展帶來負面影響。自1998年排華事件後，印尼政府進行全面性政治改革（political reform），去中央化（decentralization）政策的實施讓地方居民擁有機會參與地方政府，同時也能參與制定地方法規。政治改革給予印尼公民享有民主制度的直選的權益，使地方居民能有參政機會，這給予了居住在地方的少數族群－尤其是華人前所未有機會。儘管政治民主化的過程中，身份認同問題層出不窮，但印尼華人在政壇上有明顯的發展。雖然成功當選國會議員或者地方首長的華人為數不多，但是參政的華人愈來愈多，也不啻為一種良性的進展。

The relationship between ethnic identity and beliefs has always been an important issue in Indonesia as a diversified society. Conflicts among local ethnic groups in Indonesia were mostly generated due to differences in culture and (religious) beliefs. May 1998 anti-Chinese riots were triggered by the common social contract in Indonesian political culture then brought a negative impact on the development of Indonesian society and the country. In the postriots period, the Indonesian government then decided to carry out a comprehensive political reform. The implementation of the decentralization policy allows the Indonesian citizen in the provincial and regency/city level to have the opportunity to participate in their respective local government’s administrative tasks as well as to participate in the decision making of local regulations. However, the policy reform in Indonesia also brought further problems and challenges. This is an unprecedented opportunity for ethnic minorities in the country, including Chinese, but also provokes some new political issues. The ethnic identity issues have become an obstacle to political participation in Indonesia today, not only affecting the Chinese Indonesian, but also affecting other political actor including the Javanese ethnic. Although identity issues have emerged in democratization process, but Indonesian Chinese political participation have clearly developed, and Chinese participation increasing significantly.