臺灣印尼客僑的歸屬經驗

The Experiences of Belonging of Indonesia-Hakka Expatriates in Taiwan

十九世紀末開始，有更多的客家人離開中國前往印尼建立家業，卻在1960年代末期碰上了印尼的排華運動，有些人因此踏上前來臺灣的旅程，這些人就是本文所要討論的對象。對這些人而言，從印尼到臺灣定居，不只是行動，也是一種從離散到歸屬的心理狀態轉換。本文最主要的目的就是說明這段轉換的經驗，研究者先簡介印尼客僑遷徙到印尼的背景，然後藉由離散理論分析印尼客僑為何無法在印尼得到歸屬感。之後，則將文章後半段分成三部分：對千層糕的接納、「華僑」稱呼的省思和消失，以及文化的相似，分析他們來到長治地區如何在此地轉換心態，獲得歸屬經驗的歷程。

The Hakka who were investigated are Chinese who have ever lived in Indonesia and then migrated to Changjhih Township in Pingtung Country between 1958 and 1960 approximately. They were called ”Indonesia-Hakka expatriates” in this research. When they were faced with the anti-Chinese tide in Indonesia in 1960s, they thought about their situation and had to make some decisions of whether they kept living there or not. Some of them chose to move to Taiwan. The moving process from Indonesia to Changjhih Township was equal to their psychology transformation which was away from the sense of Diaspora to the experience of belonging. The first target is to illustrate why they did not have the sense of belonging in Indonesia. Indonesia-Hakka expatriates had the sense of Diaspora there and the reasons were explained by Diaspora theory. In order to show their sense of Diaspora deeply, their background of migration to Indonesia would be described in the research. The second aim in this article is to find the ways of how they got the experience of belonging in Changjhih Township. For the purpose of showing how they got and realized the experience of belonging in daily life, they were compared with local people whose ancestors have settled in Changjhih Township over two or three hundred years and they were called ”local Hakka” in this research. In addition, the latter part of this article was divided into three aspects to describe the real living situation of Indonesia-Hakka expatriates in Changjhih Township and those aspects were Southeast Asian food, their titles called by others and the cultural environment respectively. It was found that Indonesia-Hakka expatriates got used to live and got the experience of belonging in Changjhih Township. Although Indonesia-Hakka expatriates were affected by Indonesian culture, they believed that they were still Hakka and local Hakka also did. Because Indonesia-Hakka expatriates thought that they had the same cultural background with local people, it was not difficult to adapt local life style for them.