近代越南宗教的政治參與：以高台教、和好教為中心

The Political Participation of Vietnamese Religions: The Case Study of the Cao Dai Religion and Hoa Hao Buddhism

越南人的精神生活中，儒、釋、道、基督教、伊斯蘭教各教及民間信仰可說是主要的潮流，各宗教和民間信仰有許多相似共通之處，但是在二十世紀中卻產生兩個本土的新興宗教：高台教與和好教。兩者皆以講道與行醫的親民傳教方式得以迅速發展，也因爲南部長期戰亂的歷史因素，教派兼具經濟與軍事的功能提供廣大農民群眾安身立命之所。高台教與和好教宗教的興起亦和當時複雜的多方政治勢力有關，從法國殖民當局、日本帝國主義、越盟獨立運動、美國軍事介入到越南共和國政府，兩宗教不斷地與各方勢力依附競逐，他們的政治參與對越南共和國的發展產生重大影響，他們的命運也在南北統一之後發生重大變化。1975年越南統一戰爭後，反共立場鮮明的兩宗教自然受到鎮壓，直到1990年代改革開放後，越南的宗教問題才逐漸爲外界所知，但宗教研究在共黨執政下仍舊是敏感議題。由於戰亂以致相關資料有限，且不易取得，本文僅能針對這兩個宗教在發展的歷史軌跡中特殊的政治參與作初步探討。

Confucianism, Taoism, Buddhism, Christianity, Islam and folk beliefs are the mainstream religions in Vietnam. There are many similarities among these religions and beliefs. Nevertheless, two local religions Cao Dai Religion and Hoa Hao Buddhism emerged and developed rapidly in the twentieth century. They distinguished themselves by preaching to the people and providing medical care for poor people. Due to the long lasting war in South Vietnam, these two religions also provided economic and military functions for the peasants' living. The rise of two religions is related to the complex and various political powers at that time. French colonization, the Japanese thrust, the separateness of Viet Minh, the intervention of the United States and the governance of Vietnam Cong Hoa (The Republic) were all important in influencing the development of the two religions. Cao Dai Religion and Hoa Hao Buddhism have a significant effect on modern Vietnam history. Their participation in the fight against the Communist Party resulted in their abolishment after 1975. It was not until 1990s when the problems of religion in Vietnam were finally exposed. Previously under the communist regime, any discussion this religious issue was strictly prohibited. Since the relevant information is not easy to gather due to the war, the purpose of this paper focuses on the preliminary discussion of the two religions' political participation in Vietnamese history.