運動員感恩：從個別差異到團隊氣候

Athlete’s gratitude: From individual differences to team climate

感恩是千禧世代後重要研究議題。回顧過去將感恩作為個別差異、人際層面的研究，已驗證其正向效果。較有新意的是，本文將感恩的焦點單位由個人轉變為團體，這對重視團隊的體育領域極具學術與實務價值，這也正是本文提出運動員感恩研究的重要轉折方向。基於此，本文耙梳感恩的相關理論建構，依序簡介感恩的起源與發展、運動員感恩的研究，以及運動團隊感恩氣候。另外，本文藉由Luria （2019） 的接觸-詮釋-保留模式為理論基礎，論述透過社會互動與交換歷程，個別差異匯聚成為群體層次的理論建構。期待可以為感恩研究在運動領域開創出新的研究途徑。

In positive psychology, gratitude is a vital topic in the 21st century. Previous studies about gratitude focus on individual differences and interpersonal networks. The empirical evidence supported the positive effect of gratitude on the two levels but leaves a research gap on how gratitude transferred from individual level to level of groups, and the process of transferring is a key to understand teamwork, which is crucial in sport field. This article aims to fill this theoretical gap by proposing a theory of gratitude at the group level and applying the theory to the field of sports. This article draws on theories in analyzing gratitude at the group level. The most notable theory is the model of contact-interpretation-reserve (Luria, 2019) for analyzing how individual differences converge to form the characteristics of a group through interaction and social exchange. In sum, gratitude is a multi-level concept that impacts not only the individual differences but also the group differences, as this article reveals. This finding shifts the studies of gratitude from the paradigms that concern individual levels to those that concern group levels to apply gratitude in studies of sports and contributes in creating a new approach for studying the concept of gratitude.