致藹理士(Havelock Ellis)：愛瑪．高德曼(Emma Goldman)的跨界挪用與革命反思

To Havelock Ellis: Emma Goldman’s Cross-ideological Appropriation of Sexology and Reflections on Revolution

本文探究美國無政府主義者愛瑪．高德曼(Emma Goldman,1869-1940)與英國性學家哈夫洛克．藹里士(Havelock Ellis)(1859-1939)長達數十年的跨大西洋交流溝通，以論證高德曼無政府主義多元的思想來源、其女性解放思想的獨特性，及其反思時局而演變的思想特色。高德曼可謂20世紀初期最具國際聲望與思想影響力的無政府主義女性；其激進思想與女性解放論述，在20世紀後期到21世紀，仍持續啟發美國激進文化的發展。筆者將論證高德曼如何策略性地挪用藹里士的性學思想，並將之激進化以申揚她的無政府主義理念。
本文將集中探討高德曼對藹理士的思想援用和兩人書信交流中的兩個核心主題：革命與性慾，以凸顯藹理士對高德曼的觀念啟迪，以及高德曼對他的思想所進行的跨界轉譯。本文標題「致藹理士」，意指高德曼在演講與著述中，對藹理士思想的「致敬」，還有她「致信」藹理士後，兩人的想法溝通。我將藉由梳理高德曼與藹理士的關係，闡述高德曼所發展出的「性激進主義」(sex radicalism)如何承襲藹理士性學的原則，但同時又發展出後者所無的激進革命與婦女解放理念。此外，本文從二人的書信內容出發，論述高德曼對性慾與革命——及其互涉——所進行的歷時性反思，以為她的無政府主義思維與特色，勾勒出更具體的面貌。

This article uncovers the decades-long transatlantic association between American anarchist Emma Goldman (1869-1940) and British sexologist Havelock Ellis (1859-1939) to showcase the making of her idiosyncratic anarchism across ideological divides. Goldman was the most internationally known and ideologically influential anarchist woman in the early 20th century. Her radical views against all authorities and her ideas on women’s liberation continued to inspire the development of American radical culture from the late 20th century to the 21st century. By associating Goldman with Ellis, this article demonstrates the ideological reach and the discursive versatility of her anarchism. I will show the ways and extent to which Goldman cited as well as adapted Ellis’s works as she developed her sex radicalism that played a vital part in her anarchism.
This article will focus on the two key subjects—revolution and sexuality—about which Goldman and Ellis corresponded and on which she appropriated his ideas in order to highlight Ellis’s influence on her and her cross-ideological translation of his ideas. I will elaborate on the anarchistic nature of Goldman’s sex radicalism, which was adapted from Ellis’s sexology but at the same time developed to include radical appeals for social revolution and women’s emancipation that were absent in Ellis’s works. Moreover, I will delve into Goldman’s reflections on revolution, sexuality and their intersections during the years of her self-exile by analyzing her correspondence with Ellis so as to capture a clearer picture of her anarchist mentality and its important features.