大陸農村土地承包經營權之研究

A Study on the Contract Management Right of Rural Estate in Mainland China

系所名稱：法律學系 學位別：碩士 畢業學年：100年 指導教授：鄭冠宇 中國大陸土地利益的分配和土地經營的安排為其農村建設的基礎和核心，自從改革開放以來已逐步形成世界上獨一無二的土地使用制度－「土地承包經營權」，將土地所有權與使用權完全分離，土地所有權仍歸國家或集體所有，農民擁有具物權性質的土地承包經營權，且可以有限度的轉讓，但經過多年的實踐，卻成為發展現代化農業道路上的障礙。相較於對岸的臺灣，自實施耕者有其田等政策以來，農業生產力倍增，但隨著工業時代的來臨，農村人口大量外移，農地所有者擔心自有的權益受損，任令土地荒廢也不願出租，亦面臨如何兼顧土地所有者與土地利用者利益的難題。雖然兩岸法律制度大不相同，目前農地使用制度也各自存在缺陷，本研究從兩岸現行法規範及實務之踐行，加以比較，提出較為適合兩岸的農村土地利用制度的建議，包括：。ㄧ、中國大陸宜持續採取漸進式的改革，將土地集體所有權法人化，並延長土地承包經營權承包期到50年或終身，以利農戶投資，同時建立土地承包經營權流轉登記制度，採登記生效主義，完善土地承包經營權流轉市場。二、中國大陸應將村提留予以地租化，讓土地承包關係單純化；允許實行以家庭承包制為基礎之各種農地使用經營模式，由各地方因地制宜，以發揮最大經濟效用。三、臺灣應徹底廢止不合時宜的特別法，鼓勵地主安心委託專業農民或企業經營。四、臺灣可考慮參酌大陸「土地股份合作制」之精神，創造有利於大規模經營的條件。 五、臺灣應開放經營農業之公司或合作社，得擔任土地信託之受託人，不受信託業法之限制，鼓勵農民以信託方式將農地交給農業開發公司，進行經濟規模開發，使農業生產經營專業化、企業化、規模化。 本研究發現，大陸農村土地制度目前仍處於動態狀況，各地區因應環境的需要，不斷推出新的調適方案，何者最為適合，有待時間的考驗。台灣農村土地制度雖然較為穩定，但仍未臻理想，政府仍應思考良好的土地利用政策。

The base of rural reconstruction in Mainland China is the allocation of land benefits and management. After decades of social reform in China, contract management right of rural estate has become an unique system of land usage in the world. That kind of system separates the rights of land ownership from employment; the lands still belong to the country but farmers can rent them, in some conditions, even transferring the lands to others. But this system has been an obstacle to China when she moves to a modern agricultural industry now. Contrast to Mainland China, Taiwan has a different way to improve its use of farmlands. The enforcement of “land to the tiller” policy doubled the agricultural output in Taiwan but still can’t escape the challenge of the industrial era. How to balance the benefits between the land owners and users becomes a new problem.Although the law systems are different, the study compares the legal norms and practices about management of rural estate across the Straits and has some suggestions as follows:1.The Mainland China should take the evolutional reform continuously, extending the period of contract management right of rural estate.2.The Mainland China should simplify the land contracting relationship and take actions that suit local circumstances to create the largest economic effect.3.Taiwan should abolish special laws which are out of time, encouraging the landlords entrust specialized farmers or enterprises to manage their lands.4.Somehow Taiwan can deliberate the essence of stock cooperation system of land to create the beneficial situation of large-scale operation.5.Taiwan can consider to let agricultural enterprises or cooperatives to be the trustees of trusted land, making the agricultural output more specialized and formalized. The study finds that the system of rural estate in China is still in dynamic condition and needs some time to develop new suitable programs. Even though that system is steady in Taiwan, it is not perfect yet. The Taiwan government should think over a better land policy to make the most benefit for all people.