日本行政不服審查的定位與行政不服審查會的功能──兼顧關於訴願與行政不服審查的臺日比較研究

The Legal Position of Japan’s Administrative Complaint Review and the Function of the Administrative Complaint Review Board: Considering a comparative study of Administrative Appeals and Administrative Complaint Review between Taiwan and Japan

據說日本的行政不服審查相當於台灣的訴願。首先，作為比較法研究的前提，有必要闡明行政不服審查的法律定位。行政不服審查既是行政救濟程序，又是行政過程中的程序。行政不服審查法是關於行政不服審查的一般法律，而實際上具有許多適用除外或特例之規定。也就是說，僅通過理解行政不服審查法就很難把握行政不服審查的整體情況。其次，行政內部控制是行政不服審查制度的目的之一，而為了實現這一點，作為由外部專家組成之第三方組織，行政不服審查會可扮演著重要角色。根據筆者自身地方行政不服審查會之實務經驗，認為，在很多情況下，由於說明理由不充分而違反了行政程序法，行政處分應予以撤銷。本文清理敘述了日本行政不服審查會之現狀與問題，包括對此類案件的介紹。

Japan’s administrative complaint review is said to be equivalent to Taiwan’s administrative appeal. First, as a prerequisite for comparative law research, it is necessary to clarify the legal positioning of administrative complaint review. The nature of Administrative complaint review is an administrative relief system and an administrative procedure. Administrative Complaint Review Act, which is a general law concerning administrative complaint review, in fact has many exemptions and special provisions. In other words, it is difficult to grasp the overall picture of Japan’s Administrative complaint review system simply by understanding the Administrative Complaint Review Act, which is the standard model. Secondly, administrative internal control is one of the purposes of the administrative complaint review system, and in order to achieve this, as a third-party organization composed of external experts, the Administrative Complaint Review Board can play an important role. According to the author’s own practical experience of the local Administrative Complaint Review Board, there are many cases in which it was decided that the administrative disposition should be revoked because of insufficient showing of grounds and violations of the Administrative Procedure Act. This article cleans up and describes the current situation and problems of the Japanese administrative complaint review board, including the introduction of such cases.