從災害韌性觀點，探討流域之脆弱度、衝擊與調適

Exploring Disaster Vulnerability, Impact and Adaptation in a River Basin through Resilience-based Perspectives

從近年多次重大颱風災害事件，益發顯現臺灣在災害權責分工與行政轄區框架限制下，對於整體河川流域風險本質欠缺理解，故無法解決當前面臨之流域治理困境。本文主要目的，在於透過高屏溪流域與莫拉克颱風的實證研究，理解整體流域之災害風險形塑機制與地域特性，進而提出因地制宜之風險治理與調適措施建議，以有效提升災害韌性。本文首先分析災前既存的脆弱度空間分布特性，接續探討引發莫拉克颱風災害損失的脆弱度因素，再行觀察影響民眾調適行為的脆弱度與災害衝擊因素。本文分析結果顯示高屏溪流域之上中下游地區的災害脆弱度空間分布有所差異，構成要素亦不盡相同；暴露、實質環境與土地使用之敏感性，對於莫拉克颱風之災害衝擊具有解釋力，但人口與社經條件等敏感性，影響則不大。民眾對於短期自主調整措施的接受度高，但多寄望政府執行長期計畫調適措施。至於災害損失程度、實質環境與土地使用等敏感性，有助於民眾採取災後調適行動；反之社經敏感性與社區調適能力，對於民眾的災後調適意願則具有負面影響。

Devastating typhoon disasters have recently posed major challenges to the traditional approach to river basin governance in Taiwan, owing to a lack of understanding of localized disaster risks and the current single-hazard based disaster management approach. Based on an empirical study of the Kaoping River Basin and Typhoon Morakot, this study examines key components and spatial distribution of disaster risks in order to develop integrated strategies to risk and adaptation governance to enhance disaster resilience. First, the spatial clustering of various disaster vulnerabilities in the upper, middle, and lower parts of the Kaoping River Basin prior to Morakot are analyzed. Next, the correlation among vulnerabilities, disaster impacts and associated cascading affects to residents' adaptive actions after Morakot is then explored. Analytical results indicate that exposure and sensitivities related to physical environment and land use significantly affect the impacts of Morakot. Nevertheless, neither demographic nor socioeconomic vulnerabilities are strongly correlated with disaster losses. Many residents have taken short-term autonomous adjustments following the disaster. However, participants in this study stress that the government's responsibilities for long-term adaptation planning. Finally, the disaster impacts, the actual environmental fragility and land use sensitivity help people to adjust; whereas socioeconomic sensitivity and community adaptive capability could reduce the willingness of people to adapt after a disaster.