論審議的多元溝通模式

On Multiple Communicative Modes of Deliberation

Iris Marion Young批評審議民主的溝通模式僅限論理將導致內在排除，主張應納入問候、修辭和敘事。筆者認為審議民主的系統取向有助於確立多種溝通模式的審議運用。系統取向探討構成民主政治的各場域之間的互動及其對整體審議品質發揮的功能。本文的目的是要探討審議民主理論為什麼應該以及如何納入非論理的溝通模式，來改善內在排除問題。筆者首先分析問候、修辭和敘事之性質，而後探討修辭和敘事的適當規範標準，並進一步根據審議系統的觀點指出二者在審議過程裡的運用。本文將證成，民主的審議須納入多元溝通模式。符合底線規範的修辭和敘事可以運用在審議的多個場域和階段，發揮適當功能，於是能在一定程度上改善內在排除問題，促進政策決定的規範正當性。

Iris Marion Young argued that the communicative mode of deliberative democracy only admits that argumentation will lead to the problem of internal exclusion. She advised that we should broaden the communicative mode to incorporate greetings, rhetoric, and narrative. I think that the systematic approach to deliberative democracy could establish the deliberative application of multiple communicative modes. The systematic approach explores the interaction between various sites that constitute democratic politics and their functions in the deliberative qualities of the whole system. The aim of this paper is to explore why and how deliberative democracy should incorporate non-argumentative modes of communication to relieve the problem of internal exclusion. I first analyze the nature of greetings, rhetoric, and narrative, then explore the appropriate normative standards of rhetoric and narrative. I further explore how these two modes of communication can be used in the deliberation process based on the conception of the deliberation system. In this paper, I point out that democratic deliberation must incorporate multiple communicative modes. Rhetoric and narratives that meet the minimal normative standards could be used in various sites and stages of deliberation to realize appropriate functions. With proper use, they will relieve the problem of internal exclusion and strengthen the normative legitimacy of the policy resolution.