發展體制、侍從主義與公民實踐：一個原住民小山村的後發展啟示

"Development Regime, Clientelism, and Civic Practices: A Post-developmental Refiection on an Aboriginal Village"

社區發展文獻通常挑選成功個案來檢討利弊得失，本文反其道而行，透過勾勒一個原住民小山村的政治、社會與經濟生活，討論一個「被教導應該如何發展」、但各方面條件都不甚俱足的小山村，在追尋發展中碰到什麼樣的困難與陷阱，他們又得到與失去什麼。從「後發展」的提問起始，本文發現邊陲山村被再現與建構為「低度發展」的狀態，乃透過三個不同領域相互嵌合的論述叢結支撐起來：公民社會論述、政治學侍從主義研究、發展論述。它們共同預設一系列進步／落伍、現代／傳統、公民社會／侍從主義的區別，支撐著主流論述將當代鄉村展演為政治上黑金橫行、經濟社會上低度發展的地方。然而，研究發現，侍從主義作為底層民眾爭取權益的政治策略，在民主轉型下的賦權與問責可能性被低估；連帶也低估了在地公民團體的潛力與經濟多樣性。於是，解構外來進步論述，同時對社區能力與資源「再構框」（reframing）與「再敘事」（renarrativizing），我們將會看到邊陲社區也存在著豐富的另類可能性。

"By sketching the political, social and economic life of an aboriginal village on the mountainside of Kavulungan, this study explores how “development” was interpreted and pursued by villagers in an “underdeveloped” situation, and the possibility brought by local transformative actions. Rather than selecting a few successful cases for emulation, this study focuses on a case that resulted in “failure”, asking what positive lessons we can gain nevertheless. From a post-developmental perspective, this study finds that the “underdeveloped” condition of this village was represented and constructed by the integration of three distinct fi elds of discourses, i.e. civil society discourse, political studies of clientelism, and development discourse, which all presupposed dichotomies of Progress/Outdated, Modern/Premodern, Civil Society/Clientelism, representing the countryside as politically corrupt and economically underdeveloped. But as survival strategies of the subaltern, the value of democratic clientelism for empowerment and accountability was underestimated. Deconstructing the three discourses goes hand in hand with reevaluating clientelism, and is also part of reframing and re-narrativizing community resources and capabilities in the positive sense. Through the recognition of the diversity and vitality of community capabilities, a space for alternative actions grows."